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Clinical Psychologies

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The area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders

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Psychotherapy

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A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems -talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding (offers a different perspective)

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Biological therapies or Biomedical therapies

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Treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning -medication / drug therapy

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Psychiatrists

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medical doctors who specialize in treating psychological disorders

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Empirically supported treatment

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An approach to treating psychological disorders that advocates making treatment decisions based on the body of research that has shown which type of therapy works best

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Evidence-based practice

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Integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of client characteristics, culture, and preferences

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Insight VERSUS symptoms and skill developement

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treatment focuses on gaining insight into the deeper causes of the problem VERSUS focuses on the person's immediate symptoms and on helping the person develop specific skills to manage those symptoms

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Directive VERSUS Nondirective

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treatments call upon the therapist to be quite outspoken in giving advice to the client VERSUS prompting the client to drive the interaction, which the therapist takes a less active role in treatment

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Psychodynamic therapies

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Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experience in the development of an individual's problems (insight instead of symptoms)

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Psychoanalysis

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Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual's unconscious thoughts -usually involving unresolved unconscious sexual conflicts -free association

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free association

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saying aloud whatever comes to mind in response to the symptoms that have brought him/her to treatment

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Dream analysis

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A psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person's dreams -dreams contain information about unconscious thoughts, wishes, and conflicts

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Transference

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A client's relating to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individual's life

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Humanistic therapies

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Treatments, unique in their emphasis on people's self-healing capacities, that encourage clients to understand themselves and to grow personally

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Client-centered therapy (also called Rogerian therapy or non directive therapy)

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- A form of humanistic therapy, developed by Rogers, in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems - Becoming more congruent - bringing their actual self closer to their ideal self - emphasize conscious rather than unconscious (opposite of Freud)

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Reflective speech

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A technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client -after listening to your story, the therapist would say "you sound angry" to help you see that the emotions you are feeling is anger -Humanistic approach

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Three essential elements to grow by Carl Rogers

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Unconditional positive regard Empathy Genuineness

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Unconditional positive regard

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the therapists constantly recognizes the inherent value of the client, providing a context for personal growth and self-acceptance

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Empathy

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The therapist strives to put himself or herself in the client's shoes - to feel the emotions the client is feeling

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Genuineness

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The therapist is a real person in his or her relationship with the client, sharing feelings and not hiding behind a façade

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Insight therapies

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encourage self-awareness as the key to psychological help -types: Psychodynamic and humanistic approaches

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Behavior therapies

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Treatments, based on the behavioral and social cognitive theories of learning, that use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior - symptom focused

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Systematic desensitization

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A method of behavior therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations -develops a hierarchy of fearful needs (classical and operant conditioning is used)

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Classical conditioning is used to...

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help with phobias bell and food with dog - it can naturally happen

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Operant conditioning is used to...

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replace a behavior -train someone to change - reward based - positive and negative reward - bad behavior can be unlearned - ex: developmental disorder

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Flooding

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putting you right with fear (putting you in a room with snakes)

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Aversive conditioning

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pair smoking behavior to pill that causes nausea (a type of classical conditioning) - changing association from a positive feeling like a buzz (even though smoking is not positive) to negative

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Cognitive therapies

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treatments emphasizing that cognitions (thoughts) are the main source of psychological problems and that attempt to change the individual's feelings and behaviors by changing cognitions -guide clients to identify their irrational and self-defeating thoughts -focus on overt problems (unlike Freud) -cognitive restructuring (you're not going to die if you do bad on the test) -Logical errors in thinking: perceiving the world as harmful while ignoring evidence to the contrary

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Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)

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A therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy with the goal of developing self-efficacy -therapists take a directive role - 2 ways: Self-instructional methods and reinforcing self statements

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Self-instructional methods

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cognitive-behavior techniques aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior a. prompt clients to change what they say to themselves

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Reinforcing self statements

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gives the client examples of constructive statements a. client can repeat in order to make positive steps

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Self-efficacy

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believe that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes a. "I am getting better" or "I can do this"

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Integrative therapy

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Use of combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist's judgment of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client -being "eclectic" -doing this is hard - because some might say you are indecisive

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Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

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helps people with borderline personality disorders -an example of integrative therapy

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Antianxiety drugs

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Drugs that reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable; commonly known as tranquilizers -Benzodiazepines - offer greatest relief

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Antidepressant drugs

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Drugs that regulate mood

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4 types of Antidepressant drugs

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Tricyclic's - not used much because of sever side effects Tetracyclic - noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) MAO inhibitors - block monoamine oxidase (affect serotonin and norepinephrine) - can be toxic Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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Lithium

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The lighters of the solid elements in the periodic table of elements, widely used to treat bipolar disorder -exact mechanism of how it works is unknown

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Antipsychotic drugs

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Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals with a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia -do not cure schizophrenia (treat only the symptoms)

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2 types of antipsychotic drugs

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Neuroleptics Atypical antipsychotic medications

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Neuroleptics

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(first generation antipsychotic drug) a. Block dopamine's action in the brain b. Really bad side effects - immobility of the face c. more likely to cause Tardive dyskinesia and Metabolic Syndrome

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Atypical antipsychotic medications

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(second generation antipsychotics) a. Influence dopamine as well as serotonin b. not as bad side effects

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Tardive dyskinesia Metabolic Syndrome

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Serious side effect of antipsychotic medication

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Tardive dyskinesia

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neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth, as well as twitching in arms and legs

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Metabolic Syndrome

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condition associated with obesity and risk for diabetes and heart disease

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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A treatments, sometimes used for depression, that sets off a seizure in the brain; also called shock therapy

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Deep Brain Stimulation

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A procedure for treatment-resistant depression that involves the implantation of electrodes in the brain that emits signals to alter the brain's electrical circuitry

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Psychosurgery

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A biological therapy, with irreversible side effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual's adjustments - example: prefrontal lobotomies

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Prefrontal Lobotomies

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making a small lesion in the amygdala or another part of the limbic system

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Group Therapy

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A sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by a mental health professional

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What six features characterize group therapy?

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a. Information b. Universality c. Altruism - realize they aren't alone / have sympathy for others d. Experience of a positive family group - represents a family e. Development of social skills f. Interpersonal learning - helps you learn new coping skills

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Family Therapy

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group therapy with family members

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4 of the most widely used family therapy techniques

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1. Validation 2. Reframing 3. Structural change 4. Detriangulation - blaming one person or problem on causing every problem (the act of fixing this)

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Couples therapy

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group therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem lies within their relationship

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Paraprofessionals

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individuals who have been taught by a professional to provide some mental health services but who do not have formal mental health training.

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Cross-cultural competence

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A therapist's assessment of his or her ability to manage cultural issues in therapy and the client's perception of those abilities

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Well-being therapy (WBT)

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A short-term, problem-focused, directive therapy that encourages clients to accentuate the positive

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The therapeutic alliance

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Which of the following is the most important determinant of the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

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The main goal of psychoanalysis is to:

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provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts.

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Transference is useful in the therapeutic situation because it:

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provides an opportunity to recreate important relationships.

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Nondirective

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In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.

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What is an element recognized by Carl Rogers as one that is essential for human growth?

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Genuineness

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what approach does psychodynamic therapies use?

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directive insight

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what approach does humanistic therapies use?

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nondirective insight

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what approach does behavior therapies use?

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directive symptoms and skill

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what approach does cognitive therapies use?

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directive symptoms and skill

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The therapeutic alliance

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the relationship between the therapist and client

Chapter 16 Therapies – Flashcards

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