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psychotherapy

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treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interaction between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

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biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problem uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material, usually during free association. Note resistance and therapist insight into meaning.

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

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psychodynamic therapy

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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. focus on themes across important relationships. Interpersonal therapy is a brief 12-16 session variation of psychodynamic therapy that has effectively treated depression. Symptom relief here and now and concentrates on current relationships

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insight therapies

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a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

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client-centered therapy

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth (also called person-centered therapy).

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active listening

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empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

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unconditional positive regard

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a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. may accept their worst traits and feel valued and whole.

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to elimination of unwanted behaviors

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counterconditioning

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a therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

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exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid. started by mary cover jones 1924.

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systematic desensitization

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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. Wolpe- you cant be relaxed and anxious at the same time.

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virtual reality exposure therapy

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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

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aversive conditioning

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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). doesnt last that long because cognition influences conditioning and they know that outside the office alcohol doesnt make you nausea.

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token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort of exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. makes people aware of irrational negative thoughts replace it with new ways to thinking and to practice more positive approach in everyday settings. self blame and overgeneralized explanations are maladaptive thought patterns. rumination sustains negative thinking.

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rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

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a confrontational cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

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cognitive-behavioral therapy

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aaron beck. reverse catastrophizing beliefs about themselves situations and their future. Reveal irrational thinking and persue people to remove the dark glasses through which they view life. a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). effective in anxiety mood disorders and anorexia

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group therapy

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therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interactions - saves time and money - offers a social lab for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills - enables people to see that others share a similar problem - provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving.

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family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. works family members into therapy to heal relationships and mobilize family resources.

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regression toward the mean

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the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

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meta-analysis

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procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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evidence-based practice

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clinical decision making that integrates the expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. practice on the base on evidence and make mental health professional accountable.

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therapeutic alliance

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a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapists and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem. therapy offers hope, a new perspective and an empathetic caring and trusting relationship.

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psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. introduction of this in 1950 dramatically reduce population in mental hospitals.

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anti-psychotic drugs

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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. calm people with psychosis. dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. Occupy dopamine receptor site and block activity. severe side effects include sluggishness, tremors, tardive dyskinesia which is involuntary movement of facial muscles.

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anti-anxiety drugs

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drugs used to control anxiety and agitation Xanaz Ativan. Depress central nervous system. Should be part of an ongoing treatment or reinforce tendency to just pop a pill when anxious.

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anti-depressant drugs

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drugs used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders. Different types of work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters. Prozac and Zoloft block the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapse and are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. dual action drug block reabsorption or breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin. do not work right away- takes four weeks and may involved diminish sexual drive. Reason for the delay could be that increase serotonin promotes neurogensis. aerobic exercise and cbt is just as effective. After placebo affect and spontaneous recovery, results from antidepressants are modest.

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eletroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. When first introduced in 1938, wide awake person was strapped to a table and jolted with 100 volts of electricity providing convulsion and unconciousness. Now patient receives general anesthesia and muscle relaxant and delivers 30-60 of electric current, within 30 minutes they wake up and remember nothing. Leads to much improvement in depression, some memory loss but no brain damage. Possible explanations are placebo effect or calm neural centers where overactivity produces depression. However there is a strong relapse in the next 6 months.

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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. No seizures memory loss or serious side effects. Possible explanation is that it energizes the brains left frontal lobe which is less active during depression. Improve depression.

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psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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lobotomy

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a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. 1930 moniz. Dereases person misery but also produced permanent lethargic immature uncreative person.

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resilience

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the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

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humanistic therapy

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Emphasize people's inherent potential for self fulfillment. Boost self fulfillment by helping people grow in self awareness an self acceptance. Reduce growth impeding inner conflicts by providing clients with new insights. Differs from psychotherapy: - Aims to boost self fulfillment by helping grow in self awareness and self acceptance - Promoting this growth, not curing illness - Path to growth is from taking responsibility for ones feelings and actions instead of uncovering hidden ones - Conscious thoughts are more important than unconscious - Present and future are more important than past.

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behavior modification

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Voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences. Behavior therapist practice behavior modification- reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors.

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stress inoculation training

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Meichenbaum 1977 teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations.

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CBT Techniques

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Question interpretations, rank thoughts and emotions in order to reveal beliefs. Examine consequences and decatastrophize thinking in order to test beliefs. Take appropriate responsibility and resist extremes to change beliefs.

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self help groups

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Focus on stigmatized or hard to discuss illnesses or stressful relationships. AA was grandparent of support groups.

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Is psychotherapy effective?

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Patients often say they are very happy with therapy. But these are biased because 1. people often enter therapy in crisis. 2. clients may need to believe therapy was worth the effort 3. clients generally speak kindly of their therapists. Eysenck 1952- with or without therapy people improve Meta-analysis showed that average therapy client ends up better off than 80 percent of untreated individuals. Those not undergoing therapy improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve more quickly and with less risk of relapses.

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Relative effectiveness of different forms of therapy

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Behavioral conditioning therapies have achieved favorable results with specific behavioral problems (bed wetting phobias compulsions marital problems, sexual problems). Psychodynamic therapy has had success with depression and anxiety. CBT is effective in coping with anxiety ptsd and depression. Therapy is effective when the problem is clear cut.

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Eye Movement Desentization and Reprocessing

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Francine Shapiro 1989 had people imagine trauma while waving finger in front of their eyes. No more than three 90 minute sessions. Argue that eye movement serve to relax and distract patients allowing memory associated emotions to extinguish. Combination of exposure therapy- repeatedly associating trauma in a safe environment that provides emotional distance- and placebo affect.

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Light exposure therapy

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Treatment for seasonal affect disorder. 90 minutes of bright light per day for 4 weeks led to a decrease in depression symptoms. As effective as CBT or antidepressant drugs. light therapy sparks activity in brain region that influences body's arousal and hormones.

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Culture gender and values in psychotherapy

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Therapist must be sensitive to difference in religion, culture, gender.

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mood stabilizers

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Prescribed for people suffering highs and lows of bipolar disorder. Use of lithium discovered by Jon Cade in 1940. ALso protects neural health and reduces vulnerability to dimensia. Also lessens risk of suicide. Depakote, originally anti epileptic drug, is effective in control of manic episodes.

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deep brain stimulation

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Mayberg 2005 focus on neural hub that bridges thinking frontal lobes to limbic system. this area is overactive in brain of depressed person. Excite neurons that inhibit this negative emotion feeding activity through deep brain stimulation in which they implant electrodes and pace makers. Sustain relief 3-6 years.

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Therapeutic lifestyle changes

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Stephen IIardi 2009 therapeutic lifestyle change - aerobic exercise, 30 minutes a day at least three times a week (increase fitness vitality, stimulating endorphins) - adequate sleep 7-8 a night (increases energy alertness boosts immunity) - light exposure at least 30 minutes each morning with light box (amplify arousal) - social connection at least two meaningful social engagements weekly (fulfill human need to belong) - anti rumination by identifying and redirecting negative thoughts (enhance positive thinking) - nutritional supplements including daily fish oil with omega 3 fatty acids (support healthy brain funcitoning).

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preventive mental health therapy

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Prevent suffering by identifying and eliminating conditions that cause disorders.

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