Person-centered Therapy – Flashcards
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Roger's basic assumptions (hint there are 3)
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1) people are trustworthy, 2) people have a vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their problems without diffraction intervention, 3) people are capable of self-directed growth if they are involved in a specific kind of therapeutic relationship.
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What did Rogers view as the main agent of change?
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The clients capacity for self-healing.
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In the first period of development, what were Roger's beliefs and writings and how did he view counseling? (first phase)
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Founded non-directive counseling in the 1940s. At OSU, wrote Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice, this book described the philosophy and practice of non-directive counseling. Roger's also believed that diagnostic concepts were inadequate, prejudicial, and often misused, so he did not use them in his approach.
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What is non-directive counseling? (second phase)
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Non-directive counseling emphasizes permissive and non directive climate of the counselor and takes away power from the counselor.
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Characteristics of non-directive counselors? (second phase)
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Non-directive counselors avoid sharing a great deal about themselves and instead focuses mainly on reflecting and clarifying the clients' verbal and nonverbal communication.
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a) In the 1950s, what Rogers changed his emphasis to and how did he view clients?
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a) Rogers wrote Client-centered Therapy and renamed his approach client-centered therapy to reflect his emphasis on the client. In this period, he started counseling at University of Chicago.
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What did Rogers' theory shift toward? (third phase)
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Shifted toward focusing on the phenomenological world of the client and seemed the best vintage point for understanding how people behave was from their own internal frame of reference. (focus was more on the actualizing tendency as the basic motivational force that leads to client change)
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In the 1950s-1970s, what did Rogers' theory address? (third phase)
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In this time period, Rogers looked to the nature of becoming the self, an idea he borrowed from Kierkegaard.
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On becoming a person. (third phase)
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A novel written by Rogers while working at the University of Wisconsin. In this novel he described the process of becoming one's experience, which is characterized by an openness to experience, a trust in one's experience, and internal locus of evaluation and the willingness to be in the process.
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In the 1980s and 1990s, what was Roger's areas of focus? (the fourth phase)
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Theory was expanded to education, couples and families, industry, groups, conflict resolution, politics, and the search for world peace. In the 1980s, rogers directed his attention to applying person-centered to politics and sought after world peace.
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Why did his approach become the person-centered approach? (fourth phase)
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The shift toward the person-centered approach came with Rogers' widening scope of influence, including his interest in how people obtain, possess, share or surrender power an control over others and themselves.
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What happen in the 1960s and 1970s?
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Existentialism and humanism where born, with the growing interest among counselors in a "third force" in therapy as an alternative to the psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches.
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Who was the pioneer in the development of humanistic psychology?
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Abraham Maslow, 1970, was the pioneer in the development of humanistic psychology and was influential in furthering the understanding of self-actualizing individuals.
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Why did Maslow criticized Freudian psychology? What did Maslow feel needed more attention from psychologists?
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Criticized Freudian psychology for its preoccupation with the sick and negative side of human nature. Maslow felt there was too little information on joy , creativity, and self-fulfillment.
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What was the central theme of Maslow's work?
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Self-actualization.
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Through studying self-actualizing people, what did maslow find?
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He found that self-actualizing people are different in important ways from so-called normal people.
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List the core characteristics of a self-actualizing person.
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The core characteristics of self-actualizing people are self-awareness, freedom, basic honesty, caring, trust and autonomy. They also welcome uncertainty in their lives, acceptance, spontaneity and creativity, etc.
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Maslows hierarchy of needs.
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a) Maslows hierarchy of needs are a source of motivation, with the most basic needs being physiological needs, b) next are safety needs, which include sense of security and stability, c) once both physical and safety needs are fulfilled, we become concerned with meeting our needs for belonging and love, followed by working on our need for esteem, both from self and others
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In order to strive for self-actualization, what must happen?
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We must fulfill our four basic needs.
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According to Rogers, what is at the center of every person? How do therapists get to the center of a person?
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If we get to the center of a person, we find a trustworthy, positive center. (people are trustworthy, resourceful, capable of self-understanding and self-direction and able to make constructive changes)
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How do therapists get to the center of a person?
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Therapists can get to the center of a client by communicating realness, support, caring, and nonjudgmental understanding. IF YOU CAN DO THIS, SIGNIFICANT CHANGES WILL OCCUR..
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Therapists attributes that promote growth for clients.
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Congruence (genuineness or realness) Unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring) Accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the subjective world of another person
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If therapists can communicate the three attributes Rogers feels are key to promoting growth, what can the therapists expect from the client?
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They can expect those being helped will become less defensive and more open to themselves and their world, an they will behave in prosocial and constructive ways.
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According to the person-centered approach, where is therapy rooted?
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Therapy is rooted in the client's capacity for awareness and self-directed change in attitudes and behavior.
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Where is emphasis placed in the person-centered approach?
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The emphasis of therapy is placed on how the clients act in their world with others, how they can move forward in constructive directions, and how they can successfully deal with obstacles that are blocking their growth.
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How do clients learn to exercise choice?
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Self-awareness and self-refelction.
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What are the goals of person-centered therapy?
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1) The person-centered approach aims toward the client achieving a greater degree of independence and integration. The focus is placed on the person and not the problem. 2)Goal is to assist clients in their growth process so clients can better cope with problems as they identify them. 3) to provide a climate conducive to helping the individual strive toward self-actualizaiton. 4) encouraging openness to experience, trust in themselves, and internal source of evaluation, and a willingness to continue growth.
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In order to work toward their goal, what must clients do?
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Clients must get behind the mask they wear, which they develop though the process of socialization.
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According to person-centered therapy, what is the role of the therapists?
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The therapists is to be present and accessible to clients and to focus on their immediate experience. Therapists role is to be without rule.
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Why do clients often seek therapy?
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Clients seek therapy
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Congruence or genuinness.
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Implies that therapists are real; that is, they are genuine, integrated, and authentic during the therapy hour.
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Unconditional positive regard and acceptance.
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Deep and genuine caring for the client as a person, or a condition of unconditional positive regard, which can be achieved through empathic identification with the client
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Accurate empathic understanding.
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The therapists strives to sense the clients' subjective experience, particularly in the here and now. The aim is to encourage clients to get closer to themselves, to feel more deeply and intensely, and to recognize and resolve the congruity that exists within them.
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Empathy
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a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client.
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Clark (2010) describes an integral model of empathy in the counseling process based on three ways
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1) subjective empathy 2) interpersonal empathy 3) objective empathy
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Subjective empathy
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enables practitioners to experience what it is like to be the client
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Interpersonal empathy
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pertains to understanding a client's internal frame of reference and conveying a sense of the private meanings to the person
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Objective empathy
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relies on knowledge sources outside of the client's frame of reference
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What was Natalie Rogers contribution to person-centered therapy?
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N. Rogers extended person-centered therapy to expressive arts therapy, stating clients are able to access unconscious feelings through using artistic forms.
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What is motivational interviewing?
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MI is a directive, client centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping client to explore and resolve ambivalence. MI has shown to be beneficial for brief intervention
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List the five stages of change, according to the MI model.
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1) pre-contemplation stage 2) contemplation stage 3) preparation stage 4) action stage 5) maintenance stage
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Emotion-focused therapy
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is a therapeutic practice informed by an understanding of the role of emotion in psychotherapeutic change.
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What is the goal of EFT and what is the emphasis?
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The goal of Eft is to strengthen the self, regulating affect, and create new meaning. EFT places importance on awareness, acceptance, and understanding of emotion and the visceral experience of emotions.
