8 – PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT – Flashcards

the processes and activities of the performing organization that determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that the project will satisfy the need for which it was undertaken supports continuous process improvement activities as undertaken on behalf of the performing organization works to ensure that the project requirements are met and validated

the process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements and/or standards provides guidance and direction on how quality will be managed and validated throughout the project

document that describes how the project will be executed, monitored, and controlled; integrates and consolidates all of the subsidiary plans and baselines from the planning processes information used for the development of the quality management plan includes the scope baseline, schedule baseline, cost baseline, and other management plans Input of Plan Quality Management Input of Control Quality Output of Develop Project Management Plan

_____ aids in identifying those stakeholders possessing a particular interest in, or having an impact on, quality Input of Plan Quality Management Output of Identify Stakeholders

contains information on threats and opportunities that may impact quality requirements Input of Plan Quality Management Output of Identify Risks

captures the requirements that the project shall meet pertaining to stakeholder expectations components includes project and quality requirements which are used by the project team to help plan how quality control will be implemented on the project Input of Plan Quality Management Output of Collect Requirements

governmental agency regulations, rules, standards, and guidelines specific to the applications area, working or operating conditions of the project or its deliverables that may affect project quality, and cultural perceptions that may influence expectations about quality Input of Plan Quality Management

organizational quality policies, procedures, and guidelines, historical databases, and lessons learned from previous phases or projects organization's quality standards and policies, standard work guidelines, and issue and defect reporting procedures and communication policies Input of Plan Quality Management Input of Control Quality

a financial analysis tool used to determine the benefits provided by a project again its costs compares the cost of the quality step to the expected benefit T&T of Plan Quality Management

all costs incurred over the life of the product by investment in preventing non-conformance to requirements, appraising the product or service for conformance to requirements, and failing to meet requirements failure costs are categorized into internal (found by the project) and external (found by the customer), and also called cost of poor quality cost of conformance (money spent during the project to avoid failures): prevention costs (build a quality product) - training, document processes, equipment, time to do it right appraisal costs (assess the quality) - testing, destructive testing loss, inspections cost of non-conformance (money spent during and after the project because of failures): internal fialure costs (failures found by the project) - rework, scrap external failure costs (failures found by the customer) - liabilities, warranty work, lost business T&T of Plan Quality Management

standard toolkit used by quality management professionals who are responsible for planning, monitoring, and controlling the issues related to quality in an organization 1. Cause and Effect Diagrams: fishbone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams; problem statement used as a starting point to trace the problem's source back to its actionable root cause; ask "why" until the actionable root cause has been identified; useful in linking the undesirable effects seen as special variation to the assignable cause upon which project teams should implement corrective actions to eliminate the special variation detected in a control chart 2. Flowcharts: process maps; display the sequence of steps and the branching possibilities that exist for a process that transforms one or more inputs into one or more outputs; shows the activities, decision points, branching loops, parallel paths, and the overall order of processing by mapping the operational details of procedures that exist within a horizontal value chain of an SIPOC model (Supplier Input Process Output Customer) 3. Checksheets: tally sheets; used as a checklist when gathering data; used to organize facts in a manner that will facilitate the effective collection of useful data about a potential quality problem; useful for gathering attributes data while performing inspections to identify defects 4. Pareto Diagrams: vertical bar chart and are used to identify the vital few sources that are responsible for causing most of a problem's effects; categories shown on the horizontal axis exist as a valid probability distribution that accounts for 100% of the possible observations; organized into categories that measure either frequencies or consequences 5. Histograms: form of bar chart used to describe the central tendency, dispersion, and shape of a statistical distribution; does not consider the influence of time on the variation that exists within a distribution 6. Control Charts: used to determine whether or not a process is stable or has predictable performance; upper and lower specification limits (maximum and minimum values allowed) are based on requirements of the agreement; used to monitor cost and schedule variances, volume, and frequency of scope changes control limits are determined using standard statistical calculations and principles to ultimately establish the natural capability for a stable process; used to identify the points at which corrective action will be take to prevent unnatural performance a process is considered out of control when: a data point exceed a control limit, seven consecutive plot points are above the mean, seven consecutive plot points are below the mean 7. Scatter Diagrams: plot ordered pairs and are sometimes called correlation charts; seek to explain a change in the dependent variable, Y, in relationship to a change observed in the corresponding independent variable, X; correlation my be proportional (positive correlation), inverse (negative correlation), or a pattern of correlation may not exist (zero correlation); a regression line can be calculated and used to estimate how a change to the independent variable will influence the value of the dependent variable T&T of Plan Quality Management T&T of Control Quality

comparing actual or planned project practices to those of comparable projects to identify best practices, generate ideas for improvement, and provide a basis for measuring performance T&T of Plan Quality Management

statistical method for identifying which factors may influence specific variables of a product or process under development or in production used to determine the number and type of tests and their impact on cost of quality T&T of Plan Quality Management

choosing part of a population of interest for inspection sample frequency and sizes should be determined during the Plan Quality Management process so the cost of quality will include the number of test, expected scrap, etc. T&T of Plan Quality Management T&T of Control Quality

used to define the quality requirements and to plan effective quality management activities brainstorming, force field analysis, nominal group technique, quality management and control tools T&T of Plan Quality Management

used to develop the quality management plan attendees may include the project manager, project sponsor, selected team members, selected stakeholders, etc. T&T of Plan Quality Management

component of the project management plan that describes how the organization's quality policies will be implemented; describes how the project management team plants to meet the quality requirements set for the project should be reviewed early in the project to ensure that decisions are based on accurate information; benefits of this review can include a sharper focus on the project's value proposition and reductions in costs and in the frequency of schedule overruns that were caused by rework Output of Plan Quality Management Input of Perform Quality Assurance Input of Identify Risks

component of the project management plan details the steps for analyzing project management and product development processes to identify activities that enhance their value areas to consider also include: process boundaries, process configuration, process metrics, and targets for improved performance Output of Plan Quality Management Input of Perform Quality Assurance

describes a project or product attribute and how the control quality process will measure it; measurement is an actual value used to measure the cost of every deliverable and determine the percent variance from the approved budget for that deliverable ex. on-time performance, cost control, defect frequency, failure rate, availability, reliability, and test coverage Output of Plan Quality Management Input of Perform Quality Assurance Input of Control Quality

used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed; ensure consistency in frequently performed tasks; incorporate the acceptance criteria included in the scope baseline Output of Plan Quality Management Input of Control Quality

updates include stakeholder register, responsibility assignment matrix, WBS and WBS dictionary, quality audit reports, training plans, process documentation Output of Plan Quality Management Output of Perform Quality Assurance Output of Control Quality

the process of auditing the quality requirements and the results from quality control measurements to ensure that appropriate quality standards and operational definitions are used it facilitates the improvement of quality processes

the results of control quality activities used to analyze and evaluate the quality of the processes of the project against the standards of the performing organization or the requirements specified compare the processes used to create the measurements, and validate actual measures to determine their level of correctness Input of Perform Quality Assurance Output of Control Quality

may influence quality assurance work and should be monitored within the context of a system for configuration management can include agreements, quality audit reports and change logs supported with corrective action plans, training plans and assessments of effectiveness, process documentation such as those obtained using either the seven basic quality tools or the quality management and control tools Input of Perform Quality Assurance Input of Control Quality

types of quality planning tools used to link and sequence the activities identified Affinity Diagrams: used to generate ideas that can be linked to form organized patterns of thought about a problem Process Decision Program Charts (PDPC): used to understand a goal in relation to the steps for getting to the goal; method for contingency planning because it aids teams in anticipating intermediate steps that could derail achievement of the goal Interrelationship Digraphs: provide a process for creative problems solving in moderately complex scenarios that possess intertwined logical relationships for up to 50 relevant items; may be developed from data generated in other tools such as the affinity diagram, the tree diagram, or the fishbone diagram Tree Diagrams: aka systemic diagrams and may be used to represent decomposition hierarchies such as the WBS, RBS, and OBS; useful in visualizing the parent-to-child relationships in any decomposition hierarchy that uses a systematic set of rules that define a nesting relationship; useful for establishing an expected value for a limited number of dependent relationships that have been diagrammed systematically Prioritization Matrices: identify the key issues and the suitable alternatives to be prioritized as a set of decisions for implementation; criteria are prioritized and weighted before being applied to all available alternatives to obtain a mathematical score that ranks the options Activity Network Diagrams: include both the Activity on Arrow and, most commonly used, Activity on Node formats of a network diagram; used with project scheduling methodologies such as program evaluation and review technique (PERT), critical path method (CPM), and precedence diagramming method (PDM) Matrix Diagrams: used to perform data analysis within the organizational structure created in the matrix; seeks to show the strength of relationships between factors, causes, and objectives that exist between the rows and columns that form the matrix T&t of Perform Quality Assurance

structured, independent process to determine if project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures objectives may include: identify all good and best practices being implemented, identify all nonconformity, gaps, and shortcomings, share good practices introduced or implemented in similar projects in the organization and/or industry, offer assistance in a positive manner to improve implementation of processes to help the team raise productivity, and highlight contributions of each audit in the lessons learned repository of the organization subsequent effort to correct any deficiencies should result in a reduced cost of quality and an increase in sponsor or customer acceptance of the project's product can confirm the implementation of approved change requests including updates, corrective actions, defect repairs, and preventive actions T&T of Perform Quality Assurance

follows the steps outlined in the process improvement plan to identify needed improvements also examines problems experienced, constraints experienced, and non-value-added activities identified during process operation includes root cause analysis - a specific technique used to identify a problem, discover the underlying causes that lead to it, and develop preventive actions T&T of Perform Quality Assurance

allow full consideration of the recommended improvements used to take corrective action, preventive action, or to perform defect repair Output of Perform Quality Assurance Output of Control Quality Input of Perform Integrated Change Control

include updates to quality management plan, scope management plan, schedule management plan, and cost management plan Output of Perform Quality Assurance Output of Control Quality Input of Develop Project Management Plan

updates can include organization's quality standards and the quality management system, completed checklists, lessons learned documentation Output of Perform Quality Assurance Output of Control Quality

the process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes key benefits include: (1) identifying the causes of poor process or product quality and recommending and/or taking action to eliminate them, (2) validating that project deliverables and work meet the requirements specified by key stakeholders necessary for final acceptance

can include: planned vs. actual technical performance, planned vs. actual schedule performance, planned vs. actual cost performance Input of Control Quality Output of Direct and Manage Project Work

may include modifications such as defect repairs, revised work methods, and revised schedule; timely implementation of approved changes needs to be verified a change log update indicates that some changes are approved and some are not Input of Control Quality Output of Perform Integrated Change Control

any unique and verifiable product, result, or capability that results in a validated deliverable required by the project Input of Control Quality Output of Direct and Manage Project Work

the examination of a work product to determine if it conforms to documented standards; results of an ____ generally include measurements and may be conducted at any level; used to validate defect repairs also called reviews, peer reviews, audits, or walkthroughs T&T of Control Quality

conducted in order to verify that the change requests were implemented as approved T&T of Control Quality

any changed or repaired items are inspected and will be either accepted or rejected; rejected items may require rework Output of Control Quality Input of Develop Project Management Plan

completed project deliverables that have been checked and confirmed for correctness through the Control Quality process Output of Control Quality Input of Validate Scope

performance data collected from various controlling processes, analyzed in context and integrated based on relationships across areas ex. causes for rejections, rework required, or the need for process adjustments Output of Control Quality Input of Monitor and Control Project Work