4a – Flashcard
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The personalities of adopted children:
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are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents.
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A child's temperament is likely to be:
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stable over time.
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Three-year-old Jack is inhibited and shy. As an adult, Jack is likely to be:
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cautious and unassertive.
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Adopted children are especially likely to have similar ________ if raised in the same home.
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religious beliefs
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Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children most clearly differ in:
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temperament.
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The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of:
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natural selection.
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According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be:
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genetically predisposed.
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Which of the following is an example of an interaction?
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Swimmers with certain personality traits swim fastest during competition, while those with other personality traits swim fastest during solo time trials.
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A random error in gene replication is known as a:
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mutation.
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The unique temperaments of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the ________ of nature and nurture.
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interaction
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Casual, impulsive sex is most frequent among:
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males with traditional masculine attitudes.
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Compared to women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual sex with different partners and ________ likely to cite affection as a reason for their first sexual intercourse.
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more; less
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Critics of evolutionary psychology are particularly likely to emphasize that gender differences in mate preferences are byproducts of:
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cultural practices.
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Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes toward casual sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women.
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greater reproductive potential
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My sibling and I developed from a single fertilized egg. Who are we?
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same-sex identical twins.
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Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by:
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heredity.
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Compared to fraternal twins, identical twins are:
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more similar in their risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and more similar in risk of being emotionally unstable.
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One of the best ways to distinguish how much genetic and environmental factors affect behavior is to compare children who have:
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the same genes but different environments.
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Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because:
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any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities.
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If a fraternal twin develops schizophrenia, the likelihood of the other twin developing serious mental illness is much lower than with identical twins. This suggests that:
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schizophrenia is influenced by genes.
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Intense and reactive infants become unusually anxious and aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the importance of:
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temperament
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Research most clearly suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by:
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genes than by home environment.
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Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?
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Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
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Temperament refers to a person's characteristic:
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emotional reactivity and intensity.
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Three-year-old Jack is inhibited and shy. As an adult, Jack is likely to be:
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cautious and unassertive.
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In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of:
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nature-nurture interactions.
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An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to:
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do all of the alternatives.
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When evolutionary psychologists use the word "fitness," they are specifically referring to:
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our ability to survive and reproduce.
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People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates the:
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interaction of nature and nurture.
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Compared to women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual sex with different partners and ________ likely to cite affection as a reason for their first sexual intercourse.
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more; less
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Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes toward casual sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women.
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greater reproductive potential
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Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is time-consuming. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior.
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evolutionary
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Evolutionary explanations of gender differences in sexuality have been criticized because:
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of all of the alternative reasons.
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Unlike ________ twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg, ________ twins develop from separate fertilized eggs.
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identical; fraternal
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If a fraternal twin develops schizophrenia, the likelihood of the other twin developing serious mental illness is much lower than with identical twins. This suggests that:
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schizophrenia is influenced by genes.
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A person whose twin has Alzheimer's disease has ________ risk of sharing the disease if they are identical twins than if they are fraternal twins.
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much greater
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The home environment most clearly has a greater influence on children's ________ than on their ________.
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religious beliefs; personality traits
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Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute a love of one's own children to:
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genetic predispositions.
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Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of:
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selective mating.
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Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it:
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discourages progressive efforts to change common social practices.
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Compared to men, women are more likely to:
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be less accepting of casual sex.
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Men judge women as especially attractive if:
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they appear youthful, and women judge men as especially attractive if they appear mature.
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Two individuals are most likely to differ in personality if they are:
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fraternal twins who were raised apart.
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Identical twins originate from the fertilization of:
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a single egg cell by a single sperm cell.
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Compared to identical twins, fraternal twins are ________ similar in neuroticism and ________ similar in extraversion.
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less; less
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Compared to fraternal twins, identical twins are much more similar in:
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all of the alternatives.
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Evolutionary psychologists would be least likely to predict that:
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a woman would engage in casual sex with many male partners.
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Brittla spends a lot of money on cosmetics and expensive clothing in order to attract a desirable mate. According to evolutionary psychologists, Brittla's behavior is a product of:
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genetic predispositions.
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If a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates:
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natural selection.
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Adoptive parents are least likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.
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personality traits
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Displays of self-effacing humility are most characteristic of those who value:
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collectivism
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Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that:
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person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.
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Collectivist cultures:
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are characterized by all of the alternatives.
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Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.
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independence; interdependence
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Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by:
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individualism
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When looking for someone to whom they can confide their personal worries, women usually turn to ________ and men usually turn to ________.
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women; women
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In considering gender differences, it is helpful to remember that:
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genetic similarities between the genders are much greater than genetic differences.
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Which of the following would you most likely observe on extended visits to foreign countries?
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more men than women engaged in fighting and aggressive encounters.
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During the course of a conversation between Lola, Martha, and Gus, which of the following events is most likely to occur?
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Gus interrupts Lola.
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Women are more likely than men to:
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tend and befriend.
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The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called:
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gender-typing.
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Ten-year-old Migdalia insists on wearing very feminine-looking clothes because she wants to appear ladylike. This best illustrates the impact of:
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gender-typing.
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A boy who consistently exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the impact of:
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gender-typing.
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Gender identity refers to:
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the sense of being male or female.
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Children's tendency to classify behavior and personality traits in terms of masculine and feminine categories is of most direct relevance to:
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gender schema theory.
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Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender:
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schemas.
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Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of:
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norms.
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The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of:
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culture.
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When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of:
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gender roles.
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The social roles assigned to women and men:
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differ widely across cultures.
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People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing:
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family loyalty.
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The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by:
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individualism
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Men and women are most likely to differ in their:
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aggressiveness
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In everyday behavior, men are less likely than women to:
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smile at others.
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Compared with males, females are more likely to base their sense of personal identity on their:
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social relationships.
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Which theory states that gender becomes a lens through which children view their experiences?
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gender schema theory
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The fact that language forces children age 2 and older to begin organizing their worlds on the basis of gender is most consistent with which theory of how gender-linked behaviors develop?
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gender schema theory
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When his son cries because another child has taken his favorite toy, Brandon admonishes him by saying, "Big boys don't cry." Evidently, Brandon is an advocate of ________ in accounting for the development of gender-linked behaviors.
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social learning theory
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Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Mr. Eskenazi's contribution to the gender-typing of his children would most likely be highlighted by:
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social learning theorists.
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The traditions of a culture are passed from one generation to the next by means of:
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norms.
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Personal space refers to:
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the distance we like to maintain between ourselves and other people.
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Gender role refers to:
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a set of expected behaviors for males and females.
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Rod has always felt pressure to be the driver when traveling in a car with Sue because he learned that this was expected of men. Rod's feelings illustrate the influence of:
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gender roles.
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Level: Difficult babies with an intense and highly reactive temperament tend to be:
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irritable and unpredictable
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An infant's temperament refers most directly to its
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emotional excitability
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Charles Darwin suggested that the evolution of living organisms is guided by:
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natural selection
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Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of:
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natural selection
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Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study:
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identical twins raised in different environments
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A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of:
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social harmony
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Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with
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collectivism
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Social learning theorists emphasize that:
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observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
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Children who are raised by parents who discourage traditional gender-typing:
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nevertheless organized themselves into "girl worlds" and "boy worlds."
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At a social gathering, Latin Americans may behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing:
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norms.
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Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a:
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role
