question

Bycatch

answer

Fish which are harvested in a fishery, but which are not sold or kept for personal use, and includes economic discards and regulatory discards. Such term does not include fish released alive under a recreational catch and release fishery management program

question

Fishery

answer

One or more stocks of fish which can be treated as a unit for purposes of conservation and management and which are identified on the basis of geographical, scientific, technical, recreational, and economic characteristics

question

Fish

answer

Finfish, mollusks, crustaceans, and all other forms of marine animal and plant life other than marine mammals and birds

question

Norway and Japan

answer

Two countries that have limited permits to currently catch whales for scientific purposes

question

Keystone predator

answer

One that exerts an important regulating effect on other organisms in the community. Removing a keystone predator will result in a decrease in species diversity

question

Relationship between overfishing, killer whales, sea otters, and kelp forests

answer

The more overfishing there is, the more killer whales there will be. The more killer whales there are, the less sea otter there will be. The absence of sea otters would create a problem with the kelp forests

question

Coral polyp

answer

Tiny, soft-bodied organisms related to sea anemones and jellyfish. At their base is a hard, protective limestone skeleton called a calicle, which forms the structure of coral reefs. Reefs begin when a polyp attaches itself to a rock on the sea floor, then divides, or buds, into thousands of clones

question

What causes waves?

answer

The winds cause waves on the surface of the ocean (and on lakes). The wind transfers some of its energy to the water, through friction between the air molecules and the water molecules. Stronger winds (like storm surges) cause larger waves

question

What do reefs need in order to grow?

answer

Warm temperatures, constant salinity, and plenty of sunshine

question

Coral reefs are primarily found where?

answer

Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn

question

The symbiosis between the zooxanthellae and the coral polyp is known as what kind of relationship?

answer

Mutualism

question

Two reptiles that may be found on the Great Barrier are?

answer

Sea snakes and sea turtles

question

Reef flat

answer

Beds of seagrasses, sharks, and rays

question

Reef slope

answer

Horizontal corals, gorgonian corals, and sea fans

question

Submarine terrace

answer

Strong currents, stout fire corals, surgeon and parrot fish

question

Terrace

answer

Flat outter reef, encrusting coralline algae, and garden of corals

question

Algae ridge/Reef crest

answer

Highest point of reef, stouting branching coral

question

Coral reefs are important because?

answer

They provide homes to a large variety of organisms

question

What is a natural threat to coral reefs?

answer

Crown of thorn starfish

question

What are ways divers impact coral reefs?

answer

They walk on reefs, drop anchors, and they break them and take them home

question

How are fishermen harming coral reefs?

answer

By using explosives, feeding fish, poison, and discarding dead fish

question

The organism that actually builds the coral reef is what?

answer

Polyp

question

The algae that has a symbiotic relationship with the reef builders is the?

answer

Zooxanthellae

question

Which of the following is not a way that the study of Antarctica is important for identifying how Earth has changed over thousands of years?

answer

Trapped animals show DNA

question

Which of the following is not a seal commonly found in the Antarctic?

answer

Harp seal

question

What country owns the Prince Edward Islands?

answer

South Africa

question

Which of the following is not a reason people want to travel to Antarctica?

answer

Catch penguins

question

What is the name of the island we visited off the coast of Africa?

answer

Madagascar

question

Characterized by decreased tradewind strength (air pressure in Darwin, Australia is higher than at Tahiti).

answer

El Nino

question

The eastern thermocline allows the winds to pull up nutrient rich water from below.

answer

Normal pattern

question

Strong upwelling off South America resulting in cooler water to extend further westward.

answer

La Nina

question

Sea surface temperature higher in Western Pacific than the waters off South America by about 14 degrees Fahrenheit

answer

Normal pattern

question

Western Pacific becomes relatively dry while rainfall tends to increase over Central Pacific

answer

El Nino

question

Warm phase of ENSO, sea surface temperature increases to greater than normal in the Eastern Pacific

answer

El Nino

question

Which of the following is NOT a natural disaster caused by El Nino?

answer

Malaria

question

All of the following regions of the world is likely to experience prolonged dry periods resulting in drought conditions and possible fires EXCEPT:

answer

Peru and Ecuador

question

Based on the information you read, during an El Nino, the Atlantic Ocean is more likely to have a high number of hurricanes. True or false?

answer

False

question

If you lived in the Pacific Northwestern part of the US during an El Nino, would you expect to use your umbrella more frequently or less frequently than normal?

answer

Less

question

The El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomenon provides good opportunities to study:

answer

Effects of climate variability on human health

question

Which condition is believed to be caused by El Niño and effectively weakens hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean?

answer

high wind shear

question

We only see hurricanes in the summer months because

answer

the water is warmer in the summer.

question

Hurricanes in the Northern hemisphere always rotate

answer

counter-clockwise

question

Check the boxes below that indicate possible damaging effects directly caused by a hurricane

answer

low pressure, calm winds, and higher water levels

question

Which of the following lists the four steps of hurricane development in the proper order?

answer

area of low pressure, tropical depression, tropical storm, hurricane

question

The pebbles the Adelie penguins collect are used to

answer

to build a nest

question

The primary food for Adelie penguins is

answer

krill

question

Groups of Adelie penguins are called

answer

rookeries

question

What two animals below are common predators of Adelie chicks or eggs?

answer

skuas and giant petrels

question

Emperor penguins incubate their eggs during what Antarctic season?

answer

winter

question

Emperor penguins feed primarily on

answer

squid and fish

question

In Emperor penguins which sex incubates the egg?

answer

males

question

All of the following are ways penguins stay warm except

answer

swimming fast

question

Penguins sometimes get too hot. All of the following are ways the penguins cool off except

answer

swim really fast

question

All of the following may be predators of adult penguins except

answer

squid

question

Krill plays a major role in the Antarctic food web. Which of the following organisms would not be affected in a decrease of krill?

answer

zooplankton

question

Which of the following statements about sea surface temperature is evidence of an El Nino year?

answer

greater than normal in the Eastern Pacific

question

All of the following cause surface currents except

answer

animal movement

question

All of the factors below play a role in creating ocean currents. Which factor has the greatest influence on weather patterns?

answer

heat capacity

question

Ice that forms and then melts seasonally around the coast of Antarctica is best described as

answer

sea ice

question

Of the six species of seals found in Antarctica, four of them breed on the actual ice in the spring months. Which species of seal prefers to spend time on land?

answer

fur,elephant

question

In the Madagascan forests, you will find all of the following creepy crawlies except

answer

bird eating spiders

question

The animals and plants on the island of Madagascar are small but dangerous. Why aren't there large animals like lions, zebras, etc found on the island?

answer

they were cut off from the island when the island moved away from the mainland

question

After leaving the insects of Madagascar behind, we head to the island known for a famous devil. Where are we?

answer

Tasmania

question

After leaving the island with the famous devil, we headed north along the coast of Australia to what large city with the famous opera house?

answer

Sydney

question

For our research we will anchor along what natural structure?

answer

Great Barrier Reef

question

According to the two sites in the assignment, what is an estuary?

answer

an area where fresh water meets the ocean

question

Which of the following IS NOT a reason why estuaries are important?

answer

they are the least polluted areas of the ocean.

question

Which of the following IS NOT a reason why organisms in an estuary have special adaptations?

answer

are exposed to intense sunlight during the majority of the day.

question

How do estuaries compare in terms of production compared to other areas?

answer

Estuaries are the most productive of all marine ecosystems.

question

What is the main source of "production" in an estuary?

answer

detritus

question

What is a mangrove forest?

answer

forest comprised of hardy salt tolerant trees

question

Mangrove trees withstand all of the following conditions except

answer

dry arid soil

question

Specialized structures that allow mangroves to get oxygen in soil that is usually anaerobic are called

answer

pneumatophores

question

Mangroves excrete salt by

answer

all of the above

question

Mangroves from the family Rhizophoraceae reproduce using a specialized process of germinating seeds on the parent tree and then producing a seedling ready to go. What is that seedling called?

answer

propogule

question

Red mangroves are easily identified by their specialized roots called

answer

prop roots

question

In the mangroves of Australia, what large reptile may be found hunting for large crabs, birds and mammals.

answer

Salt water crocodile

question

The mangroves are the only home to a very interesting fish which buries in the mud at high tide and climbs trees and feeds on crabs. What is the name of this fish?

answer

mudskipper

question

Crabs are a very common part of the mangrove ecosystem with over 60 species found. One very recognizable species has a large claw that it waves around to attract mates. What crab is this?

answer

fiddler crab

question

Mangroves are important ecosystems because

answer

all of the above

question

Coral reefs are usually found near the equator between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Which of the following best describes why this is an ideal location for coral?

answer

warm water temperatures

question

Certain corals have been found in extremely deep water. These coral lack the zooxanthellae that are found in tropical coral reefs because zooxanthellae require sunlight to go through photosynthesis and there is no sunlight available at these depths. These deep-water coral often are built upwards instead of across the bottom. Why do the polyps build the coral this way?

answer

They are filter feeders.

question

Coral reefs face many threats. The crown-of-thorns starfish is an example of a ______ threat?

answer

natural

question

Which of the following is an example of a mollusk in class gastropoda?

answer

conch

question

Which of the following best describes an estuary?

answer

partly enclosed area with brackish water

question

Which of the following could explain a decrease in the salinity of water in an estuary?

answer

low tide moves salt water out of an estuary

question

Our first stop on this leg of our voyage is at the deepest spot in the ocean called the

answer

Challenger Deep

question

The deepest spot is

answer

10924 meters deep

question

While visiting the island of Kauai, where would we go for some excellent hiking?

answer

Napali Coast

question

The main reason for so many species in Hawaii being listed as endangered is

answer

human development destroys habitat

question

New life got to and still gets to the Hawaiian Islands by

answer

all of the above

question

Why do deep-water waves sometimes break instead of just getting bigger?

answer

The waves can't grow any more in size because the energy from the winds is equal to the energy lost by the waves breaking and then leaving the fetch zone

question

Which of the following things DOES NOT determine the size of a wind generated wave?

answer

wind direction

question

If you were standing at the end of a pier with a stopwatch in hand, how would you measure the average WAVE PERIOD of the waves that pass by?

answer

Determine a fixed point on the pier and note the time between a crest and the next crest that reaches that point

question

Why do successive (one after the other) waves that arrive at the beach have different heights?

answer

They have received different amounts of energy in the fetch.

question

What is the difference between a sea and a swell?

answer

Irregular patterns of waves with peaks in the same area of the wind wave formation are called sea. Swell are waves that move past the area of influence of the generating winds

question

How large a wave would be generated from a 50 mph wind, with a 1420 mile fetch, over a 69 hour period be?

answer

97

question

Look closely at the three diagrams of the Sun, moon, and Earth system. In order to see all three planetary bodies AS THEY MOVE IN THE SAME PLANE, where is your "vantage point" with respect to Earth?

answer

In space over the North or South pole, looking down at the Earth.

question

Tidal range is the distance between high and low water levels in a tide zone. Which type of planetary alignment would you expect to show the HIGHEST tidal range?

answer

Sun, moon and Earth aligned with the Sun and Moon on the same side.

question

Tidal range explains the difference in the height of the water level between a high and low tide. Which of the following correctly explains the difference in tidal ranges of a spring and neap tide:

answer

The tidal range is the greatest for spring tides and the smallest for neap tides.

question

Which of the following best expresses the differences between a semi-diurnal and diurnal tide?

answer

A diurnal tide is a single high and low tide in a 25 hour period and a semi-diurnal tide is two high tides and two low tides in a single day

question

Which of the following is correct about tidal currents?

answer

An Ebb tide occurs when the water is flowing out and a Flood Tide occurs when the water is flowing in

question

What type of coloration do the Stonefish, and Oscellated Frogfish have?

answer

cryptic

question

What type of coloration do the triggerfish have?

answer

disruptive

question

What type of coloration do the sharks ON PAGE ONE have?

answer

counter shading

question

Click on PAGE TWO at the bottom of the shark page. What type of coloration do the last three sharks have?

answer

cryptic

question

Why do you think they use a different coloration pattern than the first group? (you'll need to read some of the descriptions for a clue)

answer

They are usually found along the bottom hiding or resting.

question

Which of the three types of coloration do you think most schooling fish (that aren't predators) have?

answer

disruptive

question

Kelp forests are usually found at what depths?

answer

18-90 feet

question

Kelp are able to hold to the substrate using what structures?

answer

holdfasts

question

The part of the kelp that helps to keep the leaves and plant upright are

answer

gas bladders

question

Kelp grows best in an area where all of the following are except

answer

soft sandy bottom

question

During what season does the kelp renew itself and new growth takes place?

answer

spring

question

What invertebrate feeds heavily on kelp and can end up destroying the forest?

answer

sea urchin

question

giant kelp fish

answer

canopy

question

brittle stars

answer

around holdfasts

question

jeweled top snail

answer

along frond blades

question

abalone

answer

along bottom

question

What is the deepest part of the ocean called?

answer

Challenger deep

question

You are a marine biologist exploring some of the deepest parts of the ocean. You come across a new organism that has some interesting adaptations. One of those adaptations is that is the organism has no eyes. What is the most logical purpose for this adaptation?

answer

relies on other adaptations due to darkness

question

What is the lowest part of a wave called?

answer

trough

question

Spring tides are stronger than average tides. This means that they have a higher than average high tide and a lower than average low tide. Which type of planetary alignment would you expect to result in a spring tide?

answer

sun, moon and Earth aligned with the Sun and Moon on the same side

question

While fishing you reel in a fish that you've never seen before. It has a interesting patterns and markings and is brightly colored. What type of coloration does this fish demonstrate?

answer

disruptive

question

Fish that have a fusiform shape are streamlined and are often found swimming in the open ocean. What is a benefit of this body shape?

answer

fast swimming

question

Sharks, skates and rays belong to which class of fish?

answer

Chondrichthyes

2nd Semester Study Notes Marine Science – Flashcards

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