question

When sociologists study sports, they define race and ethnicity in the same way and make no distinctions between them.

answer

False

question

when trying to understand human actions and relationships, it is best to consider "race" as a social concept rather than a biological concept.

answer

True

question

Racial ideology in the US has been based on the idea that whiteness is a colorless standard that represents normal, and is then used as a basis for evaluating everyone in the US

answer

True

question

the author predicts that scientists will eventually find a single gene that accounts for numping ability in humans

answer

false

question

racial ideology in the US has discouraged many black males from playing sports and making sports important in their lives

answer

false

question

due to norms that exist in US culture, some black women monitor their appearance and their expressions of confidence and intelligence so they don't appear too black

answer

true

question

rates of sport participation are much higher among blacks than they are among whites in in the US

answer

false

question

native americans usually receive royalties or rights fees when sport teams use their names and images as a basis for nicknames, logos, and mascots

answer

false

question

prior to jackie robinson playing for the brooklyn dodgers in the 1947, latino baseball players had done much to erode resistance to racial desegregation in MLB

answer

true

question

research shows that due to persistent racism, the experiences of Asian Pacific Islanders in the US are much the same for recent immigrants and those whose families have been in the US for four or more generations

answer

false

question

global patterns and trends indicate that challenges related to diversity on sport teams will disappear in the next generation

answer

false

question

the sports least likely to be desegregated are those that involve social relationships between participants and members of participants families

answer

true

question

after racial and ethnic exclusion has been eliminated on sports teams, intergroup relations cease to be an issue on those teams

answer

false

question

the people most likely to resist the social and cultural changes needed to deal effectively with ethnic relations in sports are those who benefit the most from dominant racial ideology in the society.

answer

true

question

people in a particular social class share similar life chances or odds for achieving success in a society

answer

true

question

class relations have a special impact on sports because people in lower social classes exert significant influence over how sports are organized in society

answer

false

question

class ideology in the US is organized around the american dream and a commitment to cooperation between social classes

answer

false

question

the most powerful people in sports today are the men who control the resources needed to sponsor and present sports to consumers

answer

true

question

antonio gramsci, a noted political theorist, explained that the ruling class in a society can preserve their power by providing people with activities that are a source of excitement and joy in their lives

answer

true

question

the combined influence of social class and gender enable low income women to play many sports because these women have free time and live close to sport facilities

answer

false

question

using tax money to build sport stadiums and arenas for professional teams often results in public money being transferred to wealthy individuals and corporations

answer

true

question

as the income and wealth gap between rich and poor has increased in the US, sport participants are more likely to come from lower socioeconomic classes

answer

false

question

Data show that when the inflation rate is taken into account, the price of tickets to see major men's sports in the U.S. has remained nearly steady since 1991.

answer

false

question

Issues of inequality influence participation patterns in the United States, but not in other parts of the world.

answer

false

question

Opportunities to play professional sports are best described as short-term and limited to relatively few people.

answer

true

question

despite the amount of wealth in the US, very few US born omen are listed among the top money winners in professional tennis and golf

answer

true

question

When people end long playing careers in sports, one of the major challenges that they face is reconstructing their identities in terms of activities, abilities, and relationships unrelated to sports.

answer

true

question

research shows that nearly all members of intercollegiate sport teams have athletic scholarships that pay for most or all of their college expenses

answer

false

question

when people argue against interscholastic sports, they emphasize that public schools should not be concerned with the physical fitness and general health of students

answer

false

question

research shows that most of the differences between athletes and other students are due to the selections in and filtering out processes that occur in connection with sports

answer

true

question

the meanings given to being on school sport teams vary from one school to another and from one athlete to another depending on their gender, race, ethnicity, social class, and disability

answer

true

question

playing sports has gradually become a more important source of popularity for girls than for boys in high school

answer

false

question

research shows that high school sports operate like an automatic car wash: anyone who enters them will leave them with more character than they had going in

answer

false

question

most college athletes are likely to experience significant degrees of academic detachment as they attend college

answer

false

question

according to data on graduation rates reported by the NCAA, students with athletic scholarships graduate at a lower rate than other students

answer

false

question

athletic departments in big time universities have effectively resisted any attempts to increase academic standards for athletes

answer

false

question

financial information on big time intercollegiate sport programs shows that less than 25 out of 1900 programs consistently make more money than they spend

answer

true

question

one of the major issues facing high school and college sport programs is growing budget and inequality between schools currently playing at the same competitive field

answer

true

question

the issue of concussions and possible brain injry are especially worrisome to high school officials because most of the athletes on their teams have not reached the age of informed legal consent

answer

true

question

in recent years there have been at least a million more boys playing high school sports than girls playing high school sports

answer

true

question

african american men and women now constitute the majority of athletes in all intercollegiate sports

answer

false

question

as used in the chapter, the term orthodox gender ideology refers to science based ideas about the nature of gender among human beings

answer

false

question

a two category gender classification model is based on social and cultural ideas rather than biological facts

answer

true

question

a two category gender classification model is preserved in society only to extent that people perform gender in a way that fits the model

answer

true

question

boys and men are more likely to push and break through gender boundaries because they have more social power than girls and women

answer

false

question

Caster Semenya, a young woman from rural South Africa, forced the IOC and other major sport organizations to drop their commitment to the two-sex classification system.

answer

false

question

as women have become more powerful in the US, football and mixed martial arts have become more popular

answer

true

question

until the 1980s few girls and women played sports because they had no interest in physical activities

answer

false

question

information on Title IX indicates that government legislation cannot lead to real changes in people's lives

answer

false

question

seeing women athletes on tv turns many girls off to sports because they don't like the physical appearance of female athletes

answer

false

question

data show that the proportion of women coaches for the most popular intercollegiate sports were significantly higher in 2013 than in 1977

answer

false

question

girls have more equal access to informal and alternative sports than they do to organized sports in schools

answer

false

question

An emphasis on cosmetic fitness and thinness among women can have a negative effect on sport participation because it leads women to eat too much protein and not enough carbohydrates to maintain energy levels.

answer

false

question

Compared to boys and men today, girls and women continue to experience fewer positive vibes and less support in sports and sport cultures.

answer

true

question

Gay men and lesbians in sports may be ignored, marginalized, or harassed because they challenge the ideological foundation upon which definitions of gender are based.

answer

true

question

The full achievement of gender equity in sports ultimately depends on changing and diversifying the way we "do" sports in society.

answer

true

question

studying deviance in sports presents unique problems partly because many of the actions accepted in sports may be considered to be deviant outside sports

answer

true

question

One of the four specific problems faced when studying deviance in sports is that there are rules that prohibit arresting athletes in some communities.

answer

false

question

in this chapter, the author favors an absolutist approach when discussing and explaining deviance in sports

answer

false

question

a constructionist approach to deviance in sports emphasizes that people create norms and identify what they will and won't define as acceptable actions

answer

true

question

deviant underconformity is dangerous because, in extreme cases, it is associated with facism in society

answer

false

question

The Sport Ethic only becomes a source of deviance in sports when athletes begin to make up their own rules.

answer

false

question

Hubris is a form of pride-driven arrogance that often characterizes groups in which deviant overconformity is common.

answer

true

question

Deviant overconformity in sports is most effectively controlled by helping athletes to learn that sports are essentially pure and good activities.

answer

false

question

Research shows that rates of both on-the-field and off-the-field deviance are out of control in the United States because athletes today lack character and are motivated entirely by greed.

answer

false

question

Institutional corruption occurs in sports primarily when athletes do not understand the rules of their sport federations.

answer

false

question

Gambling on sports is mostly a U.S. problems because other societies have well-accepted norms that discourage wagering on all human activities.

answer

false

question

Research shows that drug testing has become so efficient and widely accepted in recent years that drug and substance use among athletes has declined significantly.

answer

false

question

The author concludes that the use of performance-enhancing substances is consistent with the culture of power and performance sports and the careers of elite athletes today.

answer

true

question

Commercial sports are most likely to grow and prosper in societies where opportunities to travel are limited, which forces people to engage in leisure activities close to home.

answer

false

question

Class relations are connected with commercial sports in any society because people with money promote and sponsor sports that fit their interests.

answer

true

question

Michael Jordan was important in the process of global corporate expansion because he spread an ideology that sports and consumption go together.

answer

true

question

The corporate branding of sports has generally declined over the past 20 years.

answer

false

question

The global marketing reach of the two major soccer clubs in Spain extends far beyond the reach of any team or sport organization in the United States.

answer

true

question

When sports become commercialized there is a tendency for aesthetic orientations to be replaced by heroic orientations.

answer

true

question

Professional wrestling is a form of sport that is less influenced by commercialization than by the personalities of the participants.

answer

false

question

As commercialization increases, the decision making in sport organizations moves closer and closer to the interests and concerns of athletes.

answer

false

question

Owning sport teams is most likely to be profitable when sport leagues are organized as cartels and operate as monopolies.

answer

true

question

The owners of major North American professional sports are capitalists, but they receive many forms of public assistance that benefit them financially.

answer

true

question

The salaries of professional athletes have far exceeded average family income in the United States because the legal status of professional athletes changed in the 1950s.

answer

false

question

The incomes of professional athletes show that there is growing gap between the incomes of the most highly paid athletes and all other athletes.

answer

true

question

Because college football players who play on big-time university teams do not receive any salaries, the tickets to big-time college games are far lower than tickets to NFL games.

answer

false

question

Aggression and violence both refer to actions that violate laws designed to protect the security of people and their possessions.

answer

false

question

Rates of violence in sports today are nearly double what they have been at any other time in history.

answer

false

question

Athletes may be marginalized or punished by other athletes in their sports and if they engage in quasi-criminal or criminal violence.

answer

True

question

Commercialization and greed are the primary causes of violence in contact sports.

answer

false

question

Research shows that women have natural impulses that prevent them from engaging in violent sports.

answer

false

question

Former NFL players and their families sued the NFL in 2012 because the league forced players to engage in violence on the field of play.

answer

false

question

Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that brutal body contact should be avoided so they can stay healthy and keep playing.

answer

false

question

Research proves that as the amount of contact increases in a sport, the athletes in that sport are more likely to engage in violent actions off the field.

answer

false

question

When male athletes engage in physical assaults off- the-field, they are most likely to target people who they define as unworthy of their respect.

answer

true

question

Spectators at Major League Baseball games today are much more violent than the spectators who attended baseball games in the early part of the last century when people were civil and respectful of others.

answer

false

question

Post-game frustration riots are much more common in North America than post-game celebratory riots

answer

false

question

Research shows that spectator violence is associated with perceived violence on the field of play.

answer

true

question

Since 1990 there has been more deadly terrorist acts at sport events than in other contexts.

answer

false

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