2.07 Social Change – Flashcards
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How did society change as a result of the second revolution
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Need for labor was increased, more immigration. People moved to cities from the rural areas. Cities grew. Industrialisation, immigration and urbanization were interconnected. Cities grew so quickly that planning was impossible. Sanitation, overcrowding, pollution and lack of transportation. No education for the poor.
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tenement housing
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A rundown and overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of the city. Many apartments in one building in a city, often in slums. multi-family housing.
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Urbanization
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the process by which cities grow as more people move to urban areas in search of better jobs or a higher standard of living
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class system
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in cities, there were distict groups
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social classes
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upper class, middle class, lower class
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upper class
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extremely wealthy people they grew rich from new technologies- Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were upper class.
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middle class
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professionals such as accountants, doctors and engineers, salespeople
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lower class
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Worked in factories for low wages. Usually they had no marketable skils. They lived in extremely poor living conditions
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Skyscrapers
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Before the second Industrial Revolution, building were not taller than five stories, becuase they had to climb the stair. Elisha Otis invented the elevator, and then skyscrapers could be built.
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Elisha Otis
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invented the elevator, and then skyscrapers could be built.
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suburbs
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wealthy citizens moved out of the immediate city to avoid overcrowding, pollution, and poor sanitation. The working class and the poor could not afford to move out to the suburbs.
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Mass Transit
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Mass transit, such as railroads, allowed people to live further from their jobs in the city center. Cities grew from 1 square mile to several.
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Problems in the cities
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Finding adequate housing. Buildings that housed one family were divided to house many families. No clean water. Water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever resulted. Poor sanitation overall. Horses caused impossible amounts of manure, which dried and blew around as dust. New York City had 100,000 horses. Factory chimneys belched smoke. Pickpockets and thieves. Fires were common and difficult to put out.
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child labor
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Many children did work that was meant for adults. examples- canning factory, candle makers, shucking oysters, doffers (replaced empty bobbins)
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breaker boys
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worked in coal mines, breaking chunks of coal that passes along a chute continuously. sorts them into piles. 50-70 cents for 10 hours work. Voal dust, heat or freezing.
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Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
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Inspired men, women and children to action for rail and coal mining issues. CHILD LABOR was her most important cause.
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doffers
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(replaced empty bobbins)
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Social Gospel Movement
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social movement wherein Christians were urged to improve social conditions for those less fortunate. Based on the belief that the gap between the rich and the poor was too wide. The government did not help the poor. Used social science to study neighborhoods. This is the beginning of "Social Work." One of the most important developments were settlement houses. The Social Gospel Movement Opposed Social Darwinism.
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Washington Gladden
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Minister in the Social Gospel Movement
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Social Darwinism
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those who have superior skills were meant to be successful. The poor had only themselves to blame. Oppsosed Social Gospel Movement
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Settlement house
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a community center providing support to residents of poor, urban neighborhoods
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Settlement house Movement
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began in England in the 1870s. Many were started by college educated women. Prived adult education, kindergartens, job training, and nursing care.
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Hull House
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In Chicago Illinois founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gaters Star. Residents worked for political reform, creation of schools, better living condition, public baths, libraries, playgrounds, improve wages, reduce workweek, regulate child labor. It had a post office, gym, 13 buildings, etc.
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Children's Bureau
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1912- The work of Galddens, Addams, Jones- monitored the safety and wellbeing of children.
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Jane Addams
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Formed Hull House. First woman winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, First Nobel Laureate. fought against big business, industrialism, and trusts. Her vision led to the professional core of social workers that still fight the battle against poverty, discrimination and violence in every American city.
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Women's Trade Union League.
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fought to provide safe working conditions, and living wages
