19th Century Conservatism in Europe – Flashcards
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When was the Congress of Vienna?
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1814-1815
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Who was at the Congress of Vienna and why?
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the "great powers" of Europe- Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia- plus France, whom they invited to determine the fate of Europe and maintain the balance of power
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What was the 1815 Treaty of Paris and why were it's strictures the why they were?
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France was reduced to it's 1790 borders, had to pay 700 million francs, and be under military occupation for five years. This was a change to the previous Treaty of Paris, which was more lenient, because Napoleon left Elba and so France was punished
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Who invited everyone to the Congress of Vienna?
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Prince Klemens von Metternich- it was held in Austria
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What were four major themes of the Congress of Vienna?
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1. Not to punish France, but secure Europe against them 2. Restore the balance of power 3. Compensation- make sure that if some states make gains, others do too 4. Legitimacy- restore rulers and boundaries to the way the "natural way"
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What land did Russia get in the settlements of the Congress of Vienna?
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The Kingdom of Poland
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What lands did Prussia get in the settlements of the Congress of Vienna?
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some German lands and western Poland
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What lands did Austria get in the settlements of the Congress of Vienna?
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lost the Austrian netherlands but gained land in Poland and northern Italy
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What confederation formed through the Congress of Vienna?
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the Germanic Confederation- 30+ Germanic states, parts of Austria and Prussia, under Austrian rule
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What rulers are restored to Spain and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies after the Congress of Vienna?
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Bourbon dynasty
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Which group of nations is somewhat pushed out of negotiations in the Congress of Vienna?
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Scandinavians, Spain and Portugal
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What is the "dual revolution"?
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When economic and political changes fuse- post 1815
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Who was Robert Castlereagh?
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foreign minister of GB- major player in the Congress of Vienna
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Who was Charles Talleyrand?
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foreign minister of France- negotiated treaty with MEtternich and Castlereagh when it appeared that war would break out again
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How did war almost come about in 1815?
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Tsar Alexander I wanted Poland, and Prussia agreed if they could get Saxony in return. Metternich, Castlereagh and Talleyrand all signed alliance because they were concerned about an unbalancing of powers; but then Russia and Prussia agreed to less land
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What was the Holy Alliance?
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Austria, Russia and Prussia's crusade against the ideas and politics of a dual revolution. They formed it in 1815 and it was led by Tsar Alexander
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What happened in 1820?
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Revolutionaries force Bourbon monarchs to write liberal constitutions; Metternich calls a conference at Troppeau, where he declares the principle of active intervention; Austrian and French forces restore Ferdinand I to Bourbon throne
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What is the principle of active intervention?
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Declaration by the Holy Alliance to inferfere where necessary to maintain autocratic regimes
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When and why did Metternich create the Carlsbad decrees?
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1819- to root out/spy on subversive liberals within newspapers, universities and organizations in the Germanic confederation
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What was Metternich's biggest threat?
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National self determination- small ethnic groups within the Confederation breaking away and determining what they want to do
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What were Metternich's belief about classes?
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He believed that there were "natural classes" of respectful commoners, monarchy, aristocracy, and bureaucracy. He blamed liberals for all the suffering and bloodshed
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Why was liberalism heavily criticized during the 19th century?
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Mainly for its principles of laissez-faire which were supported by Adam Smith, with his idea of the "invisible hand" balancing the market
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Who embraced economic liberalism?
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Businessmen because it allowed them to do whatever they want in their factories
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How did liberal ideas affect politics?
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They represented narrow class interests, those who wanted property qualifications attached to suffrage
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What prevented all the liberals from joining up?
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Radicals who wanted universal suffrage and revolution- normal liberals wouldn't mix with them
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Why was the idea of nationalism so successful?
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Industrialization led to the promotion of standardized national languages, which pushed nationalism; the idea was dynamic and always changing; and self government would only be beneficial if everyone united
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Who was Giuseppe Mazzini and what ideas did he embody?
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He believed that a love of nation and individualism overlapped and promoted the belief that nations had rights just like individuals
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Why did French utopian socialism develop?
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French socialists believed a selfish individualism was developing and wanted to reorder society to fix it
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What were the main beliefs of French utopian socialism?
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1. The government should organize the economy 2. Rich and poor people should be more economically equal 3. Private property should be regulated or removed
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What were the beliefs of Saint-Simon?
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The key to progress is social organization and parasites (church, courts, royals) should make way for doers (doctors, scientists, etc)
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What were the ideas of Louis Blanc?
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He was a journalist focused on practical improvements, such as getting people jobs
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Who was pierre joseph proudhon?
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He wrote "what is property" and is considered anarchical- he feared government oppression
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How did utopian ideas influence urban workers?
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The workers rejected laissez faire ideas and began developing a sense of class ; the gained more power and built up a socialist movement in Paris in the 1830's and 40's
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What were some of Karl Marx's ideas?
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To emancipate women and the family, that the two main classes- bourgeousie and proletariat- would always be opposed, and that history is simply a struggle between the two
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What is Marx's view of history?
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Each age has two opposing ideas; one becomes dominant, which causes it's opposite idea to become dominant, and then leads to the synthesis of a new idea
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What was the Concert of Europe?
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Meetings between major powers of Europe to resolve international issues- took an interventionist policy and had three major meetings
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What was the Aix-la-Chapelle?
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1818 meeting (concert of Europe) basically reassuring GB that France was in their group to maintain balance of power
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What was Troppau and Laibach?
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Two meetings with the Concert of Europe that they held in response to uprisings and decided to squash them
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Who were the Decembrists?
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the "decembrists" were Russian soldiers who revolted in favor of liberal reforms against Tsar Nicholas because they had been influenced by French soldiers
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What was the Decembrist revolt of 1825?
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The decembrists revolt against Tsar Nicholas; they protest in St Petersburg, Nicholas sends troops, and a skirmish between the two results in death toll of 60 soldiers
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How does Tsar Nicholas react to the Decembrist revolt of 1825?
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He becomes more conservative and strict; enforces motto, "Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!"
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What were the goals of Charles X?
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Decrease influence of middle class, limit voting rights, compensate noble families for revolutionary losses, attack the 1814 Constitution and institute an "ultra-royalist" as minister
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What are the main ideas/tenets of Romanticism?
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belief in emotional exuberance, the development of one's unique identity; viewed nature as fascinating, awesome, inspiring, and history as organic/dynamic
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What does "sturm and drang" stand for and where does it come from?
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Storm and stress- 1770-80's Romantics
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Who was William Wordsworth?
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British romantic poet- wrote "daffodils" and expressed the tranquility and beauty of nature
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Who was Walter Scott?
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He was a British Romantic fascinated by history, especially old Scottish folktales and ballads; rewrote some and translated Goethe
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Who was Germaine de Stael?
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Wrote "On Germany" influencing the French to accept Romanticism, despite the heavy classical influence of Napoleon's reign
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Who was George Sand?
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Romantic woman who wrote under a pseudonym, dressed like a man and embodied the individualism of romanticism
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Who was Victor Hugo?
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Romantic writer who wrote the "Hunchback of Notre Dame" and personally converted from conservatism to liberalism
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How did literary romanticism and nationalism reinforce one another?
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Romantics plumbed their history and culture for stories to revive- ex: Grimm brothers
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How did music change during the Romantic era?
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Musicians had a lot more power and prestige; the orchestra tripled in size, music abandoned structure and focused on evoking emotion
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Describe the Greek revolution.
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In 1821, Greeks began revolting against the turks, and at first the Great Powers were opposed but due to a combination of the fact that the Turks were Islamic and romantic influence, popular support forced GB, France and Russia to support Greece to freedom in 1830
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What were the Corn Laws of 1815?
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Laws in GB which banned foreign grain and selfishly supported the aristocracy; caused protests and demonstrations, which were shut down by a scared and conservative Tory Government
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What were the Six Acts of 1619?
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Censured the press, banned mass meetings and resulted in the Battle of Peterloo which just demonstrated gov't oppression
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What was the Chartist movement?
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Movement among the working poor of GB who wrote the "People's Charter" of 1838 and demanded universal male suffrage; petitioned Parliament 3x and failed
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What was the Anti-Corn Law League?
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People who said that lower food prices and more jobs would be possible if corn laws were repealed; eventually they were, helping GB beat famine
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What was the condition of the Irish peasants in 1800?
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Abominable- many couldn't afford shoes and yet the population still grew exponentially
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What were the three reasons why the population in Ireland continued to grow despite horrible, repressive conditions?
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1. Cultivation of the potato allowed people to have bigger families and live on less land 2. Early marriage 3. Exploitation by landlords
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What was the Great Famine?
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Combination of extreme poverty with potato blight; resulted in starvation, epidemics, mass emigration
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Why was GB slow to react to the Great Famine and what consequences did this create?
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Their laissez-faire economy; meant that population shrunk from 1845-1911 and many of the Irish developed pro-Irish, anti-British sentiments
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Describe Louis XVIII
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Ruled France until 1824; put in place the "Constitutional Charter" (constitution of 1814) and instituted Chamber of Deputies to ensure liberal rule
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Describe Charles X.
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Reactionary; attempted to repeal liberal changes made by Louis XVIII, but in an attempted coup against the press and these changes, the gov't collapsed (3 days) and he abdicated the throne
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Describe Louis Phillipe.
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"King of the French People"/"Bourgeousie King" put back liberal reforms in place, yet they really didn't accomplish much. Adopted constitution and tricolor flag
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What were the 1840's like in Europe?
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They were hard economically because of the potato famine, and tense politically; small revolts occurred everywhere
