1,2,4 - Flashcard | StudyHippo.com

Q: consciousness

a person\'s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment

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consciousness

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a person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment

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waking consciousness

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state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert

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altered states of consciousness

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state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciouness

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circadian rhythm

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a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period

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pathways to altered states of consciousness

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drugs, daydreaming, hypnosis, meditation

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sleep walking

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occuring during sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one's sleep

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amount of sleep needed

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7-8 hrs

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hypnosis

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state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

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psychoactive drugs

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drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory

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microsleeps

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brief sidesteps into sleep only lasting a few seconds

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sleep deprivation

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any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability

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adaptive theory

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theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid preditors by sleeping when predidtors are most active

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restorative theory

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theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

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rapid eye movement (REM)

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stage of sleep in which eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

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non- REM (NREM)

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any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM

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insomnia

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the inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

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alpha waves

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brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

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theta waves

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brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

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delta waves

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long slow waves that indicate the deepest state of sleep

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sleep apnea

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disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more

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nicotine

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the active ingredient in tobacco

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psychogenic drugs

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drugs including hallucinogens and marajuana that produce hallucinations or increased feeling of relaxation and intoxication

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amphetamines

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stimulants that are synthsized (made) in labs rather than being found in nature

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cocaine

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a natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant

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caffeine

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a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant based substances

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psychological dependence

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the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well- being

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depressants

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drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system

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narcotics

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a class of opium- related drugs that supress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins

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stimulants

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drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system

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withdrawal

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physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems

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narcolepsy

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sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

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night terrors

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relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully

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nightmares

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bad dreams occuring during REM sleep

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REM behavior disorder

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a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

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marijuana

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mild halluncinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant

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psilocybin

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natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

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designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects

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PCP

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sythesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, hallucinogenic effects

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LSD

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powerful sythetic hallucinogen

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hallucinogens

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drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality

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methadone

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opium derivative without euphoric "high". Used to control heroin dependecy

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heroin

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narcotic drug derived from opium that is extrememly addictive

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morphine

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narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain

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opium

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substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived

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Endorphin receptor site

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where narcotics bind to and stimulate. Deadens pain sensations

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signs of alcoholism

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guilt from drinking, drinking in the morning, drinking to recover from drinking, drinking alone, sensetivity when others mention amount of drinking, regret saying or doing something while drinking, blackouts, memory loss, drinking too fast, lying about drinking, passing out

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barbituates

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depressant drugs that have a sedative effect

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benzodiazepines

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drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress.

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alcohol

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the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of variouskinds of vegetable matter

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Mescaline

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natural hallucinogens derived from the peyote cactus buttons

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Nervous system

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An extensive network of specialized cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body.

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Neuroscience

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A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves and nervous tissue.

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Biological psychology (or Behavioral neuroscience)

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Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning.

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Neuron

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The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system.

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Dendrites

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Branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons.

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Soma

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The cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell.

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Axon

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Tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells.

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Glial cells

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Cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing, and, during prenatal development, influence the generation of new neurons.

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Myelin

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Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse.

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Nerves

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Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body.

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Diffusion

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Process of molecules moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

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Resting potential

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The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse.

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Action potential

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The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon.

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All-or-none

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Referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all.

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Synaptic knob

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Rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals.

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Axon terminals

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Branches at the end of the axon.

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Synaptic vesicles

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Saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals.

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Neurotransmitter

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Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell.

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Synapse (synaptic gap)

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Microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell.

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Receptor sites

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3-dimensional proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.

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Excitatory synapse

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Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire.

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Inhibitory synapse

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Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing.

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Antagonists

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Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.

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Agonists

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Chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell.

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Reuptake

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Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles.

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Enzymatic degradation

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Process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor.

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Central nervous system (CNS)

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Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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Spinal cord

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A long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes.

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Afferent (sensory) neuron

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A neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system.

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Efferent (motor) neuron

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A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

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Interneuron

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A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends command to the muscles through the efferent neurons. Also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain.

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Reflex arc

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The connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neuron, resulting in a reflex action.

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Neuroplasticity

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The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma.

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Stem cells

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Special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear.

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself.

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Somatic nervous system

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Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body.

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Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)

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Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands.

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Sensory pathway

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Nerves coming form the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons.

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Motor pathway

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Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons.

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Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)

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Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal.

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Parasympathetic division

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Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible of the organs and glands.

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Endocrine glands

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Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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Hormones

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Chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands.

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Pituitary gland

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Gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland).

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Pineal gland

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Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum; secretes melatonin.

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Thyroid gland

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Endocrine gland found in the neck; regulates metabolism.

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Pancreas

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Endocrine gland; controls the levels of sugar in the blood.

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Gonads

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Sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction.

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Ovaries

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The female gonads.

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Testes

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The male gonads.

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Adrenal glands

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Endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence.

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Deep lesioning

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Insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire.

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Computed tomography (CT)

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Brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.

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Electroencephalograph

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Machine designed to record the electroencephalogram.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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A recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes.

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Positron emission tomography

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Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain.

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Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

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Neuroimaging method that is similar to PET but uses a different radioactive tracer and can be used to examine brain blood flow.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation.

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Medulla

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The fist large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining, swallowing, and heart rate.

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Pons

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The larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal.

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Reticular formation (RF)

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An area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal.

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Cerebellum

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Part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement.

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Limbic system

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A group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation.

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Thalamus

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Part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area.

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Olfactory bulbs

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Two bulb-like projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose.

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Hypothalamus

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Small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex.

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Hippocampus

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Curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects.

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Amygdala

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Brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear.

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Cortex

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Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input.

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Cerebral hemispheres

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The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain.

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Corpus callosum

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Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

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Occipital lobe

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Section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain.

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Parietal lobes

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Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations.

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Somatosensory cortex

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Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste.

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Temporal lobes

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Areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

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Frontal lobes

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Areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.

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Motor cortex

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Section of the frontal lobe located at the back responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system.

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Mirror neurons

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Neurons that fire when a animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another.

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Association areas

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Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing.

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Broca's aphasia

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Condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly.

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Wernicke's aphasia

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Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

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Spatial neglect

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Condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field.

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Cerebrum

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The upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them.

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How is psychology different from philosophy? a) Psychology uses the scientific method to answer questions. b) Psychology is interested in questions related to human behavior. c) There is no difference between philosophy and psychology. d) The field of psychology is much older than the field of philosophy.

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A) Psychology bases its answers on observations, while philosophy answers its questions using logic and reasoning. Both fields are interested in human behavior. The field of psychology is only 125 years old, while philosophy is much older

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The first psychology laboratory was opened in ________ in order to study ___________. a) 1865; psychological disorders b) 1946; learning c) 1879; introspection d) 1809; biopsychology

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c Wilhelm Wundt opened his laboratory in Germany in 1879 and used the method of introspection to study the basic elements of mental processes

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The psychological perspective of structuralism focused on a) how the whole structure is bigger than the individual parts. b) understanding each individual structure of human thought. c) how mental thought helps us structure our daily activities. d) the structure of society at large.

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b Structuralists felt that mental processes had to be broken down into their most basic or elemental form in order to be understood.

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The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _____, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences. a) intervention b) introspection c) insight inventory d) induction

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b Introspection was used in an attempt to self-examine the structure of the mind. Although the word intervention looks similar, it has a completely different meaning

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William James believed that mental processes could not be studied as isolated, static events but instead needed to be viewed in terms of how they helped people perform in their daily lives. James was a strong proponent for a) structuralism. b) functionalism. c) behaviorism. d) the humanistic perspective.

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b James believed we need to understand the function of mental processes.

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Gestalt psychologists are associated with which of the following sayings? a) The pineal gland is the seat of the human soul. b) Psychology should reach into the soul of mankind. c) Behavior should be broken down into its individual components. d) The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

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d Gestalt psychologists believed that you had to look at the whole picture in order to understand the larger processes of perception and sensation and that it could not be broken down into its smaller components without losing its essence.

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Freud said phobias were ____________ whereas Watson said phobias were __________. a) learned; inherited b) repressed conflicts; learned c) sexual; unconscious d) conditioned; unconditioned

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b Freud studied repressed (unconscious) conflict and Watson studied observable behavior. Watson did not believe that the unconscious could be studied scientifically.

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A researcher who studies the chemical changes in the brains of patients with depression would be approaching psychology from which perspective? a) behaviorist b) psychodynamic c) cognitive d) biopsychological

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d The biopsychological perspective focuses on studying the biological changes that underlie behavior and mental processes.

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One of the reasons psychodynamic theories have persisted over the years is that they are a) supported by significant scientific research. b) based on facts. c) difficult to scientifically test and, thus, difficult to disprove. d) used by the majority of psychologists.

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c Since it is very hard to scientifically test the psychodynamic theories there is little scientific data to support the theories.

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A humanistic psychologist would be interested in which of the following research studies? a) describing a group of people who claim to have reached their full potential b) understanding the role of the unconscious in a child's decision to disobey her parents c) investigating the role of hormones in the mating behavior of birds d) figuring out visual illusions are possible

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a The humanistic perspective focuses on the uniqueness and potential of human beings and tries to suggest ways for humans to maximize their potential.

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Taylor received her degree from a medical school and now meets with patients on a daily basis. Most of her patients have a serious psychological disorder and often Taylor will prescribe medication to treat the disorder. Taylor is a a) psychologist. b) psychiatrist. c) psychiatric social worker. d) school nurse.

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b Psychiatrists have M.D.s, counsel patients with serious disorders, and can prescribe medications.

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Vido has an M.S.W. and is interested in working on the causes of poverty. What type of professional is Vido most likely to become? a) educational psychologist b) psychiatrist c) school psychologist d) psychiatric social worker

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d Psychiatric social workers typically have their Masters of Social Work (M.S.W.) and counsel patients with less severe disorders or focus on social issues such as poverty.

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Why do psychologists use the scientific method? a) It is easier to use than other methods. b) All academic fields must use the scientific method. c) It is the only method available to answer questions. d) It reduces bias and error in measurement.

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d The scientific method is based on observations so that the influence of the researcher's bias is minimized.

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Deb spent the entire day at the park observing children with their parents to see whether fathers or mothers spent more time playing with their kids. Deb used the method of a) naturalistic observation. b) laboratory observation. c) survey. d) case study.

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a Naturalistic observation consists of recording behaviors as they occur in their normal settings

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Which of the following topics would be best studied using the case study method? a) the reaction times of adults in a stressful situation b) the sleep pattern of adolescents c) the impact of club sports involvement on female adolescent self-esteem d) the personality characteristics of a man accused of killing five people

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d A case study focuses on one individual (or "case") and provides a detailed description of that individual.

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A group of randomly selected subjects that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called a) volunteer bias. b) a representative sample. c) the experimental group. d) the control group

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b A representative sample is a randomly selected group that matches the population on important characteristics. An experimental group is not necessarily representative of the population.

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Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? a) +0.62 b) -0.98 c) +0.01 d) +1.24

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b The correlation coefficient must be between +1.00 and -1.00. The sign of the coefficient indicates the direction of the relationship and the absolute value of the coefficient indicates the strength; therefore, 0.98 is the largest absolute value listed between 0 and 1.

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A researcher finds that as the number of classes missed increases, the students' grades decrease. This is an example of a a) positive correlation. b) negative correlation. c) zero correlation. d) case study.

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b For a negative correlation, the variables move in the opposite direction. As one variable increases the other one decreases. In this case, as the number of absences increase the grade in class decreases.

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Marcy is trying to define anxiety in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate a) hypothesis. b) operational definition. c) double-blind study. d) theory.

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b An operational definition defines responses in terms that allow them to be measured, while a hypothesis is an educated guess, not a definition.

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A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment? a) The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise. b) The independent variable is calories consumed; the dependent variable is diet. c) The independent variable is weight; the dependent variable is calories consumed. d) The dependent variable is amount of exercise; the independent variable is calories consumed.

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a The exercise is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, independent of anything the participants do, while the participants' weight is expected to depend on the amount of exercise.

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In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the group that smokes the cigarette without nicotine is a) the control group. b) the driving simulator. c) the experimental group. d) the no-control group.

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a A control group gets either no treatment or treatment that has no effect (in this case, experimenters are controlling for the possibility that the cigarette itself, and not the nicotine, might cause people to get into collisions).

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A psychology professor feels that her students will do better on her exams if music is playing while they take their exams. To test her hypothesis she divides her class in half. One half takes the exam in a room with music playing and the other half takes the exam in a similar room but without the music playing. In this case, the independent variable is a) the time of day when the exam is taken. b) the absence or presence of music playing. c) the exam. d) the students' scores on the exam.

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b The independent variable is the variable the researcher manipulates. In this case, the instructor manipulated whether music was playing.

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A psychology professor feels that her students will do better on her exams if music is playing while they take their exams. To test her hypothesis she divides her class in half. One half takes the exam in a room with music playing and the other half takes the exam in a similar room but without the music playing. In this case, the dependent variable is a) the room the exam is taken in. b) the absence or presence of music playing. c) the exam. d) the students' scores on the exam.

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d Recall the test phrase, "How ________(i.v.) affects __________ (d.v.). The professor is testing "How music affects student test scores." The dependent variable is the subjects' responses. The room the test is taken in and the test itself should be the same for both groups.

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Twenty volunteers are brought into a sleep laboratory in the evening. Ten are allowed eight hours of sleep while the other ten are only allowed two hours of sleep. In the morning, all 20 subjects are tested for their reaction time in a driving simulation program. For this experiment, the reaction time in the simulation program is the a) independent variable. b) dependent variable. c) confounding variable. d) random variable.

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b The reaction time is the response observed in the subject. It is not manipulated by the experimenter

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Twenty volunteers are brought into a sleep laboratory in the evening. Ten are allowed eight hours of sleep while the other ten are only allowed two hours of sleep. In the morning, all 20 subjects are tested for their reaction time in a driving simulation program. For this experiment, the amount of sleep allowed is the a) independent variable. b) dependent variable. c) confounding variable. d) random variable.

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a Recall the test phrase, "How hours slept affect driving reaction time."

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Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect? a) You sleep because you are tired. b) You throw up after eating bad meat. c) You have surgery to repair a defective heart valve. d) You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol.

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d The placebo effect is brought on by expectations, and in this case you felt drunk only because you believed you were drinking alcohol.

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______________________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know whether participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied. a) The double-blind study b) Field research c) The single-blind study d) Correlational research

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a The double-blind study is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know whether the participants are in the experimental or control group. In a single-blind study, only the participants are "blind."

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What defines psychology as a field of study

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scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology is a science

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and what are psychology's four primary goals?

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-Description What is happening? -Explanation Why is it happening? Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts -Prediction Will it happen again? -Control How can it be changed?

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How did structuralism and functionalism differ?

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Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. functionalism- focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.

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William Wundt

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-STRUCTURALISM -in 1879 psychology began in his lab - OBJECTIVE INTROSPECTION

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Edward Titchener

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-Wundt's student -STRUCTURALISM IN AMERICA

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Margaret Washburn

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first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.

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William James

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-FUNCTIONALISM -Saw the mind as flexible and fluid, constantly changing

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What were the basic ideas and who were the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt

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Gestalt - The sum is greater than its parts. Wertheimer, who studied sensation and perception

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What were the basic ideas and who were the important people behind the early approaches known as psychoanalysis?

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Psychoanalysis - the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud. -Freud proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires. -He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created nervous disorders. -Freud stressed the importance of early childhood experiences.

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What were the basic ideas and who were the important people behind the early approaches known as behaviorism?

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Behaviorism - the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only. -Proposed by John B. Watson. -Based much from work of Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned (learned). -Watson believed that phobias were learned. -Case of "Little Albert" - taught to fear a white rat.

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what are the 7 mondern perspectives?

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1. psychodynamic 2. behavioral 3. humanistic 4. biopsychology 5. cognitive 6. socicultural 7. evolutionary

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what is the psychodynamic perspective?

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the development of a sense of self & the discovery of motivations behind a person's behavior other than sexual motivations

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what is the behavioral perspective?

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behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are reinforced

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what is the humanistic perepective?

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people have free will

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what is the cognitive perspective

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focus on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, & learning

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what is the sociocultural perspective?

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focus of the relationship & culture

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what is the biopsychological perspective?

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humans & animal behavior to biological events occuring in the body. such as genetic influences, hormones, & the activity of the nervous system.

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what is the evolutionary perspective?

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focus of the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share.

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How does a psychiatrist differ from a psychologist, and what are the other types of professionals who work in the various areas of psychology?

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- psychologists have academic degrees and can do counseling, teaching, and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology. -psychiatrists are medical doctors who provide diagnosis and therapy for persons with mental disorders.

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Why is psychology considered a science, and what are the steps in using the scientific method?

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1.Perceiving the Question 2.Forming a Hypothesis 3.Testing the Hypothesis 4.Drawing Conclusions 5.Report Your Results

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What is the correlational technique, and what does it tell researchers about relationships?

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Correlation = Relationship!!!!!! positive correlation (same direction) increases in one variable are matched by increases in the other variable negative correlation (different direction) increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other variable.

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Experiment

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a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships.

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Operational definition

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definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured.

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Independent variable (IV)

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variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter.

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Dependent variable (DV)

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variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.

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Experimental group

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subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable.

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Control group

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subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment (controls for confounding variables).

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Random assignment

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process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group

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What are the ethical concerns when conducting research with people and animals?

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Critical thinking - making reasoned judgments.

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structure of a neuron - how a message is sent

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action potential is the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge w/i the axon. A NEURON EITHER FIRES COMPLETELY OR DOES NOT FIRE AT ALL.

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neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE function

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memory, stimulates movement

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neurotransmitter SEROTONIN function

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mood, sleep, appetite

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nerotransmitter GABA function

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sleep and inhibits movement

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neurotransmitter GLUTAMATE function

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memory formation

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neurotransmitter NOREPINEPHRINE function

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arousal, mood

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neurtotransmitter DOPAMINE function

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control of movement, sensations, pleasure

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neurotransmitter ENDORPHINS function

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pain relief

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SOMATIC

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Sensory information and controls skeletal muscles

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AUTONOMIC

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automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessles, pupil dialation, digestion and blood pressure

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developmental psychologist

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studies the changes in the ways people think, relate to others, and feel as they age.

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clinical psychologist

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diagnoses and treats people with psychological disorders

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couseling psychologist

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helps people with problems of adjustment

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educational psychologist

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researches human learning and develops methods and material to aid in the process of learning

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forensic psychologist

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works with the legal system including profiling of criminals, jury selection, and expert witnessing.

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industrial / organizational psychologist

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researches the relationship between individuals and their work environment

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school psychologist

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works directly in the schools, dooing assessments, educational placement, and diagnosing educational problems

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social psychologist

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focus on how human behavior is affected by the presence of other people.

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sports psychologist

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helps atheletes and others prepare themselves mentally for participation in sports activities

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experimental psychologist

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researches and experiments in the areas of learning, memory, thinking, perception, motivation, and language.

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the science of ________ that focuses on that which must be directly seen and able to be measured.

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behaviorism

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defined as to home the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play, it is called

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functionalism

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this type of psychology gocused on the structure or basic elements of the mind and is called

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structuralism

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the definition of ________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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psychology

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the general explanation of a set of observations or facts is called

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theory

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________ ideas are now part of the study of cognative psychology, a field focusing not only perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving

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gestalt

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_______ was the theory and thearpy based on the work of Sigmond Freud.

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psychoanalysis

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______ held the view that people have FREE WILL , the freedom to choose their own destiney

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humanism

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the ______ perspective focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning

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cognitive

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a system of explaining human behavior that is not based on or consistent with scientific evidence is

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psedopsychology

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ethnocentrism

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the tendency to believe that ones own ethnic or cultural group is the standard, the reference point against which other people and groups should be judged.

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debriefing

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a procedure to inform participants about the true nature of a research study after its completion

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theory

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a collection of interrelated ideas and observations that together describe, explain and predict behavior or mental processes.

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experiment

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a procedure in which the research systematically manipulates and observes elements of a situation in order to test a hypothesis and try to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

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empiricism

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the idea that knowledge should be acquired through careful observation

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standard deviation

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a measure of the variability of the scores in a set from the mean of the set,

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ethics

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rules concerning proper and acceptable conduct that investigators use to guide their studies and that govern the treatment of animals, the rights of human beings, and the responsibilities of researchers.

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inferential statistics

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a category of statistics that allows researches to conclude whether the results they have obtained from experiments form meaningful patterns

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measure of central tendency

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a descriptive statistic that tells which score best represents an entire set of scores.

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informed consent

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the agreement of participants to take part in a research study and their acknowledgment, expressed through their signature on a document, that they have been fully informed about the general nature of the research, its goals and its methods.

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dependent variable

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the behavior or response that is expected to change because of the manipulation of the independent variable.

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operational definition

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a definition of a variable in terms of the set of methods or procedures used to measure or study it.

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participant

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a individual that takes part in an experiment and whose behavior is observed and recorded.

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descriptive research methods

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the type of research that involves describing existing events rather than performing a manipulation of an independent variable and observing change.

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sample

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a group of individuals who participate in a study and are assumed to be representative of the larger population.

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naturalistic observation

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a descriptive research method that involves observation of behavior in a naturally occurring situation rather than in a laboratory.

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survey

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a descriptive research method in which a set of questions is posed to a large group of participants.

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mean

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a measure of central tendency that reflects the average of a set of scores.

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descriptive statistics

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a category of statistics that includes procedures to summarize, condense, and describe sets of data.

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representative sample

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a sample that reflects pertinent characteristics of the populations from which it was drawn.

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range

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a measure of the variability of a set of scores that is calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest.

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mode

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the most frequent score in a set of scores.

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scientific method

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the technique used in psychology and other sciences to discover knowledge about human behavior and mental processes.

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experimental group

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in an experiment, the group of participants who receive some level of the independent variable as a treatment.

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correlation coefficient

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a descriptive statistic used to assess the degree of relationship between the two variables of interest in a correlational study.

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median

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the point in the ordered distribution of a set of scores that has 50% of the scores above it and 50% of the scores below it.

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significant difference

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a difference that is unlikely to have occurred because of chance alone and is thus inferred to be most likely due to the systematic manipulation of a variable in a research study.

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ex post facto study

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a descriptive research method that allows researchers to describe differences among groups of participants.

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independent variable

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the condition that the experimenter directly and intentionally manipulates to see what changes occur as a result of the manipulation.

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variable

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a condition or characteristic of a situation or a person that is subject to change or that differs either within or across situations or individuals.

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statistics

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the branch of mathematics that deals with classifying and analyzing data.

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hypothesis

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a tentative statement or idea expressing a relationship between events or variables that is to be evaluated in a research study.

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correlational study

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a descriptive research that attempts to determine the strength of a relationship between two variables.

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case study

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a descriptive research method that involves intensive observation and analysis of a single individual.

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control group

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in an experiment, the comparison group of the group of participants who are tested on the dependent variable in the same way as the experimental group but who receives the standard treatment.

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In an experiment, four groups of college students used different memorizing strategies to learn the material in one chapter of a textbook. Then each group was given the same multiple-choice test on the material. What was the dependent variable in this study?

answer

The students performance on the test

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Wertheimer was associated with the ________ school.

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Gestalt

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As part of an assignment, Bill's class was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on prejudice. Which research method was Bill's professor using?

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Survey

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Which of the following is NOT associated with Gestalt psychology?

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James

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Modern psychology is said to have begun when:

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Wundt opened the first laboratory devoted to the scientific study of psychology.

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Watson felt that psychologists should study ________.

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observable behavior

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Which of the following is associated with Gestalt psychology?

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Werheimer

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The first psychology laboratory was opened by ________.

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Wundt

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Neurons that are at rest are still electrically charged.

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True

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Which equipment is used to monitor brain waves?

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Electroencephalogram

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What is the main function of the reticular formation?

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to control levels of alertness

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Which of the following regions contains the primary visual cortex?

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occipital lobe

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Messages from the brain to the muscles and glands in the body begin their journey in the ________.

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motor cortex

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During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ________ the electrical charge outside the neuron.

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positive compared to

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Vladimir is typing on the computer keyboard. The motion of his fingers on the keys is probably being controlled by ________.

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motor pathway neurons

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The cerebral cortex is severed in individuals who are considered to have a "split brain" after a surgery to stop epileptic seizures.

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false

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The sex glands, which secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction, are called ________.

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the gonads

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The cortex "wrinkles" as a result of fluid filling the brain over the lifespan.

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false

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Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy and can now speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain's ________ which allowed the structure and function of his brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma.

answer

neuroplasticity

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Denise just received the results of a complete physical that found her body is not producing enough insulin. Which of the following endocrine glands is affecting her body's ability to produce insulin?

answer

pancreas

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One function of the nervous system is to send information to and from all parts of the body.

answer

true

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A researcher wants to obtain a "movie" of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods. Which of these would be the best choice for this researcher?

answer

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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When the sympathetic nervous system assumes control of the involuntary bodily processes during a stressful situation, which of the following changes is likely to occur?

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digestion stops

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"Split Brain" patients are patients who have had ________.

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their corpus callosum cut

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The right cerebral hemisphere primarily controls:

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the left side of the body

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The basic message-carrying cells of the nervous system are labeled:

answer

neurons

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A victim of a car wreck with head injuries, whose involuntary bodily processes (breathing, heartbeat, etc.) have been disturbed, probably has had damage done to the ________.

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medulla

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Which of the following is true of neural impulses in a single neuron?

answer

the strength of a neural impulse is the same each time the neuron fires

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Which hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is dominant in language tasks?

answer

left

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The idea that large fibers in the sensory nerves can prevent impulses from reaching the brain and thus prevent the sensation of pain is part of the ________ theory of pain.

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gate-control

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The motor cortex is located in the ________ lobe of the brain.

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frontal

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Which part of the brain can be thought of as a major switching station that directs incoming information to the correct brain structure?

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thalamus

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Gestalt psychology contributed to the development of cognitive neuroscience.

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true

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Sigmund Freud was the father of psychology.

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false

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Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect?

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You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol.

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A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.

answer

True

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Wesleyan University researchers Jamison and colleagues conducted a study to explore the negative stereotypes of collegiate athletes as "dumb jocks." In their study, the researchers found ________.

answer

negative stereotypes in higher education may contribute to collegiate student athletes under performing in academics

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The steps or procedures an experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in a study is called the ________.

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operational definition

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What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

answer

unconscious mind

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The question "Why is it happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

answer

explanation

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A correlation coefficient shows that smoking and life expectancy are indeed related. As a result, a researcher could predict ________ if the direction of the relationship is known.

answer

the person's life expectancy will go up or down based on the number of cigarettes the person smokes daily

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Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT ________.

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participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment

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The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called "The Sex Life of the American Wife." It reports that 87 percent of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. The critical flaw in this research would be ________.

answer

the fact that the sample is not representative of American wives

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