10th Grade World History – Chapter 10 Test – Flashcards
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barter
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exchanging goods for goods
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Which country gained a monopoly on Mediterranean trade?
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Italy
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What area was the marketplace of northern Europe?
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Flanders
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Discuss both markets and fairs
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see pg. 228
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moneychangers
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grew in importance because they had experience in judging the approximate value of coins, discovering counterfeit currency, and determining one currency's value in relation to another - all for a fee
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Discuss how the Roman Church viewed economic activity.
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They sought to place restraints on business to prevent greed and the hoarding of wealth. They believed that man had a particular place in society and was expected to work for the common good of society. They also believed that if a man received a profit greater than his needs, he was expected to give it to charity.
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"just price" for goods sold
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a price that included the cost of materials, a fair return for labor expended, and a reasonable profit
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usury
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the practice of charging interest for the use of lent money (a practice prohibited by the medieval church)
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What economic principles were brought about due to changes in business practices and a revival of trade?
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dignity of labor, the legitimacy of profit, freedom of exchange, and individual responsibility
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What factors contributed to the growth of towns in Europe during the Middle Ages?
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increased agricultural production (due to better farming methods), a revival of trade, and increased population (due to an increased food supply)
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town charter
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document that outlined the rights and freedoms of the townspeople that were granted by the feudal lord
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Essay - discuss the shared basic freedoms (free status and town justice) that were usually part of most town charters
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see page 232 - list and give details about free status and town justice
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guild
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organizations formed to regulate the business activity of a given town
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three classes (in order) of the craft guild
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apprentice, journeyman, and master
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Hanseatic League
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German organization that sought to control and organize trade in the Baltic region
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Black Death
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killed one-fourth of the population of Europe in the fourteenth century
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What affect did the middle class have on society during the Middle Ages?
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They threatened the nobility's position in society, weakened the nobility's political authority, and contributed to the decline of feudalism.
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What were the primary centers of education during the Middle Ages?
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monasteries and cathedrals
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Discuss the liberal arts curriculum of the Middle Ages
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trivium - grammar, rhetoric, and logic; quadrivium - arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music
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What was the primary factor that students in the Middle Ages considered when choosing a school?
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the teachers at the school
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Scholasticism
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characterized by a renewed interest in theology and philosophy
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Anselm
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earliest scholastic thinker; used logic to support doctrines of the Christian faith including the existence of God
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Abelard
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wrote Sic et non - listed questions concerning important articles of faith
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Aquinas
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wrote Summa Theologica - attempted to demonstrate in a systematic fashion that the teachings of the church were in harmony with the logic and philosophy of Aristotle
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What characterized medieval science?
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Magic and superstition
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Roger Bacon
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English scientist who advocated observation and experimentation as tests for scientific conclusions
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Latin
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language of the learned during the Middle Ages
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vernacular
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common spoken language
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heroic epics
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long narrative poems that celebrated the adventures of legendary heroes; the earliest forms of vernacular literature
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troubadours
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wandering minstrels
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Dante
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wrote Divine Comedy - describes an imaginary journey through hell, purgatory, and paradise
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Chaucer
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wrote The Canterbury Tales - a collection of stories told by pilgrims on their way to visit the tomb of Becket; depicts English life and customs
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What influenced most of medieval art and architecture?
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the church - most art was primarily religious
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Francis of Assisi and Bernard of Clairvaux
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wrote medieval hymns that are still sung today
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Discuss the features of Romanesque and Gothic architecture
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pp. 242-243
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Who fought the Hundred Years' War?
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France and England
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What major victories did England win?
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Agincourt, Crecy, and Poitiers
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Who won the Hundred Years' War?
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France
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What weapon helped the English win several key battles?
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the longbow
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Who rallied the French and spurred a sense of nationalism?
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Joan of Arc
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What was the name of the series of conflicts between the two rival families in England (the houses of York and Lancaster)?
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the Wars of the Roses
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Which family began to rule England as a result of the Wars of the Roses?
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the Tudors - founded by Henry VII
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taille
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a royal land tax levied by the king of France
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Reconquista
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the Spanish effort to drive the Moors out of Spain
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How was the nation of Spain created?
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The nation of Spain was created when Ferdinand and Isabella got married.
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Diet
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the German equivalent to the English Parliament and the French Estates-General; chose weak men as emperors in order to protect the power of the German nobility (the real power in Germany)
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Hapsburg
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family who took control of Austria and her possessions
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Boniface VIII
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pope who was humiliated by King Philip IV of France; claimed supremacy in Unam Sanctam
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Great Schism
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time period when more than one pope claimed supremacy
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Council of Constance
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ended the Great Schism
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University of Paris
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professor guild; taught liberal arts and theology
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University of Bologna
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student guild; taught law
