1.3 Religious pluralism challenged the concept of a unified Europe – Flashcards

A Renaissance movement that combined a revived interest in the nature of humanity with the Christian faith. It impacted art, changed the focus of religious scholarship, shaped personal spirituality, and helped encouraged the Protestant Reformation.

A 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.

Also known as Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, Erasmus was born in 1466 as an illegitimate son. As a child he was a natural academic, and he quickly gained a reputation for speaking out against authority, particularly that of the Roman Catholic Church. After a short time as a priest, Erasmus became a scholar and a lecturer. His most famous work, "The Praise of Folly", was relatively critical of the Church and its ways.

A sixteenth-century German religious leader; the founder of Protestantism. Luther, a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, began the Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which attacked the Church for allowing the sale of indulgences.

Ninety-Five Theses, propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written (in Latin) and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Schlosskirche (Castle Church), Wittenberg, on October 31, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

A powerful French theologian and pastor, John Calvin is one of the well known Protestants, whose name prominently figured during the Protestant Reformation. Famous for his involvement in Calvinism, a theological system that defines Christian theology.

A Protestant sectarian of a radical movement arising in the 16th century and advocating the baptism and church membership of adult believers only, nonresistance, and the separation of church and state.

The period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). The Counter Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements: 1) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration 2) Religious Orders 3) Spiritual Movements 4) Political Dimensions

A member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education.

It was held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved. He established the Church of England.

The queen of England from 1558-1603; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She established the Church of England (1559) and put an end to Catholic plots, notably by executing Mary Queen of Scots (1587) and defeating the Spanish Armada (1588). She reestablished Protestantism in England.

Fought between 1562-1598, it is the name of a period of civil infighting and military operations, primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots).

Signed probably on April 30, 1598 by King Henry IV of France, it granted the Calvinists Protestants of France (also known as the Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

It generally refers to the belief in two or more religious worldviews as being equally valid or acceptable. More than mere tolerance, religious pluralism accepts multiple paths to God or gods as a possibility and is usually contrasted with "exclusivism", the idea that there is only one true religion or way to know God.

He was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to May 16, 1532. He is known for his 1516 book "Utopia" and for his untimely death in 1535, after refusing to acknowledge King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England. He was canonized by the Catholic Church as a saint in 1935.

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)

The selling of church offices. The sin of buying or selling of ecclesiastical offices, sacraments, grace, benefices, or other sacred things.

A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

St Teresa was born in Avila, Spain on March 28 1515 and was one of ten children of a merchant and his second wife. Teresa's mother died when she was 15, and she was soon after entrusted to the Augustinian nuns. After reading the letter of S.t. Jerome, Teresa joined the Carmelite Order. She had a vision of a wounded Christ and she focused on Christ's passion. With these visions guiding her, she began to renew and reform her order. From 1560 until her death, Teresa and a group of supporters struggled to establish and broaden the movement of discalced Carmelites. In 1567, she met St. John of the Cross, who began to take her reforms into the male Carmelite Order. When she died in 1582, St. Teresa left many new convents and a significant body of writing which greatly contributed to the practice of Christian prayer.

This was an order for women that established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls for all social classes that became very influential. They were the first to educate girls.

A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution.

a list of publications prohibited by the Catholic Church

This was the harsh and violent conversion of Spain back into Catholicism. They used several versions of torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism

King Edward VI published the official prayer book used by the Anglican Church.

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.

Wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army, which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion.

This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV). The war was fought between the royalists, led by Henry III of France; the Huguenots, led by the heir-presumptive Henry of Navarre; and the Catholic League, led by Henry I, Duke of Guise and funded and supported by Philip II of Spain.

King of France (1589-1610) who founded the Bourbon royal line, successfully waged war against Spain (1595-1598), and gave political rights to French Protestants in the Edict of Nantes (1598).

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V (24 February 1500 - 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Spanish Empire from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire from 1519, as well as of Habsburg Netherlands from 1506.

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king.

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of Westphalia (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.