Your Inner Fish – Flashcards
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What is Neil Shubin looking for?
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Fish fossils
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What job does Neil have?
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Fish paleontologist
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Fish were the first creatures with what trait?
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Bony skeletons
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When did the first mammals show up?
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200 mya
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Sir Richard Owen was the first scientist to notice what skeletal pattern?
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Pentadactyl
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Instead of limbs fish have what?
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Fins
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Where did the paleontologists go for their first expedition?
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Pennsylvania (Devonian rock)
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What type of environment was the Canadian Arctic hundreds of millions of years ago?
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Floodplain
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In the early stages of development, all animals begin as what?
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Cell
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If you look at a fish and human embryo side by side, how similar do they look?
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Almost identical
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What does Molly possess that most humans do not?
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Gill
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Where are fish gonads located?
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Near the heart
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What is Sonic Hedgehog responsible for?
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Generates the pattern of digits
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How many fingers do people in the Hubbard family have?
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Six
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How far back can we trace the Sonic Hedgehog gene?
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Ancient
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What does the name Tiktaalik mean?
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Large freshwater fish
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Who was the first to predict that an animal like Tiktaalik would exist?
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Darwin
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What features does Tiktaalik have that fish typically do not?
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Neck, wrist, fins with limbs, flat head, teeth, many muscles, lungs
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What type of exercise could Tiktaalik do that other fish can not?
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Push ups
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What is the piece of anatomy that changed the world?
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Hand
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Why is the Bay of Fundy a special place to hunt for fossils?
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Largest tides in the world
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How is a Tritheledont unique?
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Part reptile, part mammal
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In early development what do human fetuses have that we normally associate with chickens?
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Yolk
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What was the problem with the eggs of early land vertebrates?
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Dried out
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What was the boast of Baron George Cuvier?
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Could reconstruct skeleton with one tooth
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What can teeth tell us about our ancestors?
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How they lived and evolved
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Reptiles grow multiple sets of what in their lifetimes?
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Teeth
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How long did the Gorgonopsis slice and dice their way through the earth?
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20 my
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What is the name of the mother of all mass extinctions?
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Permian Extinction
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What do mass extinctions create for the survivors?
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Opportunities
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What were the first types of hairs to develop in our ancestors?
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Whiskers
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Hair first evolved as what?
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Sensory organ
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What is the gland that is responsible for skin, hair, and teeth?
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EDA
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What is the final change that still enriches our life today?
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New ear
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How many bones make up our inner ear?
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Three
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What do labs and museums around the world use beetles for?
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Strip away dead skin from bones
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How were old jaw bones repurposed?
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Bones in ear
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Hadrocodium is regarded as one of the first what?
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Mammals
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What part of Hadrocodium was extremely large compared to the animals that came before it?
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Brain
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When were mammals able to finally emerge and flourish?
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Mass extinction of dinosaurs
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If you fall, what part of your body is especially painful to fall on?
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Coccyx
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In a sense, squirrel monkeys are what?
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Distant cousins
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What are some features that are unique to primates?
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Eyes face forward, hands can grasp
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How old is the very early primate skeleton?
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50 m
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Where did Notharctus live?
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Trees
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What are primate hands wonderfully adapted to do?
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Move around tree branches
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23 million years ago a primate developed what ability?
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Color vision
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What are the colors that Kramer cannot see?
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Red-green
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What was the trade off for color vision?
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Sense of smell
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When did Lucy live?
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3.2 mya
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What did Lucy look like?
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3.5 feet tall
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What type of environment did Ardi live in 4.4 million years ago?
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Woodlands
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What part of Ardi's pelvis was humanlike?
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Top
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What unwanted inheritance did we receive from our inner monkey?
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Back problems
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What percent of Americans will complain of back problems?
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80%
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Being able to build tools requires what?
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Hands, brain, vision, fine motor skills
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What does C.I. still understand at 3 months of age?
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Object permanence
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Compared to other primates humans have an unusually long what?
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Childhood
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What structures do boats sharks and human brains have?
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Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
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The same control gene that make up our brains are also active in what very basic animal?
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Amphioxus
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Date Earth was formed
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4.5 bya
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Date of oldest living fossil (Cyanobacteria which used cyclic photosynthesis)
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3.5 bya
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Date when photosynthesis (non-cyclic) evolved
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3 bya
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Date when respiration evolved
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2 bya
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Date of origin of protists (theory by Lynn Margulis)
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1 bya
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Date when protists diverged into plants, animals, and fungi
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900 mya
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Date when fish evolved
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500 mya
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Date when Tiktaalik transitioned into amphibian (had pentadactyl limbs and could do push ups)
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375 mya
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Date when Gorgonopsis, which was a reptile, transitioned into a mammal
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250 mya
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Date when continents broke apart
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200 mya
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Date when Hadrocodium became one of the first mammals (only 2" and had inner ear made from jaw)
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200 mya
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Date when meteor hit, dinosaurs died, and mammals radiated
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65 mya
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Date when Notharctus had a thumb and transitioned from rodent to primate (Eocene epoch)
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45 mya
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Date of mini ice age when food was scarce
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6-7 mya
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Date when Ardi walked in trees with grasping foot
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4.4 mya
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Date when Lucy walked upright with her big toe in line and committed to the ground (Australopithecus afarensis)
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3.2 mya
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Fish that transitioned into an amphibian
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Tiktaalik
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Reptile that transitioned into a mammel
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Gorgonopsis
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One of the first mammals, had an inner ear like ours
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Hadrocodium
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Had a thumb, transitioned from rodent to primate
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Notharctus
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Walked in the trees with a grasping foot
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Ardi
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Walked upright with a big toe in line and committed to the ground
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Lucy
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Dates when Homo habilis lived
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2.4-1.4 mya
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Homo habilis was known for being this
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Handyman
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Had greater brain size, first began to use tools, first hunters
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Homo habilis
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Dates when Homo erectus lived
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2 mya-140,000
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Date when fire was used by Homo erectus
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300,000
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First to migrate, first to use fire, first to communicate, first to lose hair on bodies
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Homo erectus
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Dates when Homo heidelbergensis lived
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700,000-200,000
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Lived in Europe, built shelters, became Neanderthals
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Homo heidelbergensis
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Homo sapiens originated here
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Africa
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Date of first Homo sapiens fossils
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200,000
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Date when Homo sapiens began to migrate out of Africa
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50,000
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Date when Homo sapiens made it to Africa
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40,000
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Had short legs adapted for cold, other humans may have out competed them
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Neanderthals
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Date of cognitive revolution
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70,000
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Date when America was settled and the mega fauna went extinct
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16,000
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Date of the agricultural revolution
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12,000
