WWI – AP European – Flashcards
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28 June 1914
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Day Ferdinand and Sophie were murdered
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28 June
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1389 - Serbia loses independence to Ottoman empire 1900 - Ferdinand and Sophie get married 1912 - Serbia gains freedom from Turkey 1914 - Ferdinand and Sophie get murdered by Black Hand 1919 - Paris Peace Treaty signed
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Socialism
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a political theory advocating state ownership of industry and greater rights for the working class
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Pacifism
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promoting peace
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5 P's of war
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power, prestige, profit, principle, and protection
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Otto Dix
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Der Kreig Cycle painter at battle of Somme
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Battle of Verdun
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1916; 10 month battle ending in stalemate; the longest battle of World War I; both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties
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Franco-Prussian War
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1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor; France lost Alsace and Lorraine
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Otto von Bismark
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Prussian prime minister; led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire.
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Emperor of Germany during World War I
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Triple Alliance
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An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.
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Dual Alliance
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Bismarck's (Germany's) secret treaty with Austria which provided for support if attacked by Russia.
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Splendid Isolation
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Describes Britain's tendency to separate itself from European continental affairs prior to WWI
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South African War
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also called the Boer War; the conflict between the British and the Afrikaners over territory in South Africa (1899-1902) owned by Dutch
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Non-aggression pact
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a written agreement between two states or sovereigns; pact btwn Germany and Russia
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First Moroccan Crisis
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1905; German attempt to break up Franco-English alliance and imperialism by taking Morocco and telling Moroccons they should be free to rule themselves, but caused the Russian, French, and English alliance
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Triple Entente
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A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.
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Militarism
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A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war; cause of WWI
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Imperialism
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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically; foreign policy of European nations in nineteenth century
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Popular nationalism
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love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it; cause of WWI
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Archduke Ferdinand
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heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.
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Gavrillo Princip
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Member of the Black hand that assasinated Ferdinand and Sophie
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Tsar Nicholas II
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Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin during the Russian Revolution
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Schlieffen Plan
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Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.
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July Crisis
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(1914) Austria, convinced Serbia was behind attack, send an ultimatum and asked for protection from Germany in case Russia, protector of Serbia, intervened.
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Total War
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government plans and controls economic social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies and weapons
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First Battle of Marne
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1914; A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI; lost Germany the war bc Schlieffen plan had to be discarded; started trench warfare on Western Front
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General Erich Ludendorff
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German general ruling over Germany along lines of total war; did not seek peace in the beginning of 1918 when they had a positional advantage over the English and French
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Trench Warfare
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a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet (lookout) of the excavated earth
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Battle of Somme
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1916 3 month battle between German and British forces ending in a stalemate, notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.
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Battle of Tannenberg
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A German victory over Russian troops in August of 1914 which led to the liberation of East Prussia and began a slow, steady German advance eastward.
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Ottoman Empire
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A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922; referred to as the sick man
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Armenians
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Christians in the Ottoman Empire, who faced genocide/ethnic cleansing during World War I
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Battle of Gallipoli
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Battle that British lost and forced them to withdraw from creating a Balkan front; fought in Turkey
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Hussein ibn-Ali
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the direct descendant of the prophet muhammad and chief magistrate of mecca who british promised an independent arab kingdom to in return for joining forces with the british against the turks
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Alsace and Lorraine
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Border regions of France with German speaking peoples; Bismark annexed them following Franco-Prussian war; France got it back after WWI
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League of Nations
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international body designed to provide peaceful resolutions; precursor to UN; US never signed; proposed by Woodrow Wilson; Germany (bc they started war) and Russia (bc communist) not allowed to sign
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Treaty of Versailles 1919
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outlined terms of postwar settlement and reparations needed from Germany; signed in Hall of Mirrors
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Spartacist
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communists that tried to take over Germany in 1919; led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemborg
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Propaganda
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information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
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Lusitania
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British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons US decided to join the war.
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Kiel Mutiny
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revolt by German sailors 3 November 1918; triggered the German revolution and ended monarchy; led to Weimar Republic
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Holland
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Country Wilhelm escaped to when he left Germany
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Easter Rebellion
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Irish uprising against British in 1916 protesting self rule
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Abdication of Wilhelm
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Kaiser Wilhelm giving up his throne
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Freikorps
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Germany military (mostly volunteer troops) used by the government of the Weimar republic 2) put down Spartacist revolt in 1919
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Fourteen Points
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Put forth by Wilson; key ideas: reduction in arms, free commerce and trade, League of Nations, and right to national self-determination
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National Self Determination
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people of a given sovereign should be able to choose their leaders without outside interference
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Big Three
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US, Great Britain, France - 3 countries who shaped Treaty of Versailles
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War Guilt Clause
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declared that Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting; crushed Germany; article 231 of Treaty of Versaille
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George Clemenceau
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French Premier who wanted Germany stripped of all weapons, wanted huge payments for costs of war, and wanted separate Rhineland to serve as buffer
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Rhineland
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Territory between France and Germany; proposed as a buffer state
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Naval Blockade
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blockade of Germany that prohibited Germany from getting supplies and food during WWI; crippled German people; not lifted until Germany signed Treaty of Versaille
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Kapp Putsch
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1920 armed conservative insurrection that temporarily caused the German government to flee and resulted in workers' strikes
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General Hindenburg
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served on Eastern Front; president of Weimar Republic; offered Hitler position as chancellor
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Sussex Pledge
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A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning; did not last
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T.E. Lawrence
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British colonel fighting in the Middle East, he later became known as Lawrence of Arabia
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Sykes Picot Agreement
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1916; Secret agreement btwn British and French partitioning out the Ottoman Empire
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Balfour Declaration
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1917; British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews
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General Syrian Congress
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1919; meeting of Arab nationalists calling for independence; unsuccessful
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Treaty of Lausanne
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1923; ended the Turkish War and recognized the territorial integrity of a truly independent Turkey
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Mustafa Kemal
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Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938)
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Military innovations of WWI
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tank (British 1916 at Somme), flame throwers (German 1915 at Verdun), poison gas (Germans 1915 at Ypres), long range howitzers; aircraft carriers (British); barbed wire
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David Lloyd George
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Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses
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10 - 13 million
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number that died in WWI
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1914 - 1918
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length of WWI
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Weimar Republic
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Germany's republic after WWI; had little control; high inflation; 1/3 of budget went to war benefits and pensions
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Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania
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independent nations made from Austria-Hungary empire
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November 11, 1918 (11-11-11)
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Armistice signed
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Vera Britain
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a British writer, feminist and pacifist; nurse in WWI
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Battle of Caporetto
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Italians defeated by the Austrians forcing allies to help Italy; turned around anti-war sentiment
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Poland
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created from Austri-Hungary, Germany and Russia
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Treaty of Brest-Litovosk
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1918; Peace treaty between Bolshevik Russia and Central Powers; ended Eastern front war
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German military after WWI
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army limited to 100,000 men, no conscription, no acquisition of submarines, and no air force; not allowed to join League of Nations bc she was not recognized
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Switzerland
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neutral country and home of League of Nations
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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opposed the League of Nations because of article X which said a member would need to provide assistance to other members if there was external aggression
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Nationalism
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A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country that came about in 1800s and led to arrogance, ethnocentrism and a willingness to go to war
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Causes of WWI
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Nationalism, Industrialism, Imperialism, Militarism
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Battles of Industrialized warfare
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Verdun, Tannenberg, Caporetto, Somme, and Passchendale - tanks, heavy artillery, and gas
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1917
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Americans enter war (freedom of seas and economics) and Russia leaves
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Zimmerman Telegram
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1917; A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.
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Jutland
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Site of WWI sea battle between Germany and Britain off Denmark's coast; German sea power limited after this encounter
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Father and Protector of all Slavs
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Russia
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Sick man of Europe
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Ottoman Empire prior to WWI; empire was in decline
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Henri Philip Petain
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French military commander; Lion of Verdun
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Second Battle of Marne
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7/1917; Where Ludendorff launched his final campaign; first battle for Americans
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Russo Japanese War
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1905; A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea; Japan triumphs
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Black Hand
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the Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand
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Theobold von Bethmann Hollweg
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1856-1921; German Chancellor
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Ludwig Meidner
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1912 Apocalyptic Landscapes that foreshadow the war; impressionist
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Willy Nicky Telegram
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Between Czar Nicholas and Kaiser Wilhelm. Both begin to mobilize. Nicky was blamed for the war because he didn't have his military under control
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General Syrian Congress
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Syria asks for independence from the West and it isn't granted so they have the Syrian National Congress; in response to Sykes-Picot
