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Dawes Plan (1924)

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Fixed Germany's reparations on a regular scale 2) Provided loans to Germany equal to 80 percent of what was owed in 1st year

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Young Plan (1929)

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Put a limit on Germany's obligation 2) Reduced annual payments 3) Ended foreign occupation of Rhineland

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circular loans

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Loans to Germany---->reparations to Allied Countries (WWI), expansion in Latin America

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Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922

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Raised tariff from 27% to 35% because didn't want Europe to flood American markets with cheap goods after war. Became a problem since Europe needed to sell goods to U.S. to get money back to pay debts.

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Henry L. Stimson

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sec. of state decided to fire paper bullets @ jap., Appointed by FDR as secretary of war

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Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934)

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designed to lift American export trade from the depression doldrums, aimed at relief and recovery, activated the low-tariff policies of the New Dealers, provided that the the other country involved was willing to respond with similar reductions (based on the idea that trade is a two-way street - Hull)

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Pan-American Union

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organization established in 1889 between the United States and Latin American nations to share information

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"Good Neighbor" Policy

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Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

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Nye Committee

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In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WW1; this committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war

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Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937

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Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents. (858)

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FDR's "Quarantine" speech

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FDR speech in October 1937, called for internal cooperation to "quarantine the aggressors"; Poll of Congress revealed that 2/3 majority opposed economic sanctions, so he stepped down, as they called this plan a "back door to war"; FDR did get $1 billion in appropriations to enlarge the navy.

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Manchurian Crisis

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1931, just before china and japan declared war on each other, japan invaded a part of southern china. Importaint because it showed japan was trying to expand with its military, and that the U.S did nothing about it.

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Stimson Doctrine

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(FDR) 1932, , 1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

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Panay Incident

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(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

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Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

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Japan offered to liberate Southeast-Asian countries from western colonial rule but instead used them as conquered land for natural resources

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appeasement

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policy by which Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and France agreed to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland in agreement for not taking any additional Czech territory.

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Munich Agreement

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Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia

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September 1, 1939

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mechanized German forces broke across the Polish border, while German bombers and fighters attacked Polish railroads from the air

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Orson Welles

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had a Halloween program on CBS in 1938. His dramatization of H.G. Wells' War of the World terrified and panicked listeners (some believed it to be real).

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"War of the Worlds"

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radio drama that many people believed Martians were actually going to invade Earth

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Cash-and-Carry

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countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans

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Joseph P. Kennedy

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JFK's dad. ambassador to England, agreed w/ appeasement.

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Committee to Defend America

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1940. advocated american military support for britain to keep the U.S. out of conflict in europe.

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America First Committee

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A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

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Selective Service Act (1940)

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1st peacetime draft in U.S., est. Selective Service System, ended 1973

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Wendell Wilkie

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The Republican nominee for president in the 1940 election, he was a surprise nominee as he had never before run for public office; He criticized the New deal but largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain short of actually entering the war. His strongest criticism of Roosevelt was regarding his decision to break the two term tradition established by George Washington.

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Lend Lease Act (1941)

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the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies.

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"Arsenal of Democracy"

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US will act as the supplier of all things necessary to defeat axes powers

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Greer Incident

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German submarin fires torpedos at the American Greer Submarine, helped bring US into war

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Atlantic Charter

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Anglo-American declaration that stated the countries aims for the outcome of the war. Stated people of every nation should be free to choose their own form of government and live free of fear and want, disarmament, and a permanent system of general security.

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December 7, 1941

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On December 7, 1941, top diplomats from the United States and Japan met in Washington, D.C., trying to work out differences between the two countries. But at the same time, about 360 Japanese airplanes took off from aircraft carriers in the Pacific and bombed the American military facilities at Pearl Harbor. This surprise attack--or sneak attack, as it was widely called--resulted in about 2,400 American deaths and about 2,000 wounded. It destroyed or damaged 21 American ships and more than 300 airplanes.

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A date which will live in infamy!

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a description by President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the day of the Japanese attack on Pearl harbor- December 7,1941. Roosevelt was addressing Congress, asking it to declare war on Japan.

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Smith-Connolly Act (1943)

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law passed on June 25, 1943, over President Franklin D. Roosevelt's veto. The legislation was hurriedly created after 400,000 coal miners, their wages significantly lowered due to high wartime inflation, struck for a $2-a-day wage increase.The Act allowed the federal government to seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes that would interfere with war production, and prohibited unions from making contributions in federal elections

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Office of Price Administration [OPA]

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Government agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.

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War Production Board

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During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

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Operation Magic

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Code name for U.S. code-breaking operations against the Japanese.

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Fair Employment Practices Act [FEPC]

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prevent racial discrimination towards workers. It was signed by FDR after WWII, out of respect for all the different racial soldiers that fought in the war;enforce nondiscrimination in hiring workers in defense industries.

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Executive Order 8802

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In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

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Philip Randolph

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pesident and founder of the brotherhood of sleeping car Porters and the nations most respected African American labor leader. He protested discrimination both in the military and in the industry. He also organized a march on washington where he called on african americans everywhere to come to the capitol and march. roosevelt asked Randolph to back off but in the end Roosevelt was the one to back off. Roosevelt ordered that all workers in defense industries be treated without discrimination.

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Congress of Racial Equality [CORE]

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U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. Membership in CORE is stated to be open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world."

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Tuskegee Airmen

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all black unit of fighter pilots. trained in Tuskegee Alabama. won many awards for bravery and never lost a single pilot

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National War Labor Board

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a board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

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Navajo "code-talkers

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Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

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Braceros

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Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

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"Zoot Suit" Riots

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in Los Angeles in June 1943 were a product of the suspicion with which Anglos (servicemen stationed nearby) looked at the culture of the Chicano communities that were growing rapidly throughout the Southwest with animosity.

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"Rosie the Riveter"

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A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

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Issei

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Name for Japanese immigrants during the war who were not eligible for US citizenship b/c of their race

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Nisei

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American-born children of Japanese immigrants; second generation Japanese Americans.

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Manhattan Project

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Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

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J. Robert Oppenheimer

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director of the Manhattan Project and later of the Atomic Energy Commission

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I am become death, destroyer of worlds!

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Famous quote of theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, who created the first nuclear weapon which was called"the father of the atomic bomb"

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General Leslie Groves

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20th century American Army Engineer; in charge of Manhattan Project and keeping all of the scientists on schedule. Oversaw the construction and design of the Pentagon.

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Enola Gay

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the name of the American B-29 bomber, piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, Jr., that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.

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Hiroshima

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City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797)

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Nagasaki

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Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).

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Unit 731

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Japanese created it to take prisoners or innocent chinese. Created to make chemical tests on chinese. Chinese prisoners were, poisoners were tortured brutally. burned, frozen, electricuted, had arms cut off and attatched to opposite sides. some had esophogus attached to their intestance. these were all for "scientifical" reasons. There were 25 more units like Unit 731.

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Executive Order 9066

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Camps, A presidential executive order issued during WW2 by FDR that sent Japanese ethnic groups to internment camps.It was issued because of the fear for the country's safety and also Japanese-American's safety.

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internment ["relocation"] camps

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designated areas where Japanese Americans were sent after the attack at Pearl Harbor; fear that they may be spies caused this to happen

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Manzanar

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Born Free and Equal is a book by Ansel Adams who collaborated with John Hersey to document this place.

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V-J Day

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"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

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September 2, 1945

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Date of V-J Day, when MacArthur accepts Japanese surrender off of the Missouri

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20th Amendment

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reduce the amount of time between the election of the President and Congress and the beginning of their terms.

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21st Amendment

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Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

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US v. Butler (1936)

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the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional. Justice Owen Josephus Roberts argued that the tax was "but a means to an unconstitutional end" that violated the Tenth Amendment

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Korematsu v. US (1944)

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citizens of Japanese descent could be interned and deprived of basic constitutional rights due to executive order

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