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clause

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a group of words CONTAINING a subject and a predicate and used as part of a sentence

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phrase

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a group of words NOT having a subject and predicate, used as a single part of speech

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subordinate clause

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must depend on the main clause to complete the thought

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compound sentence

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Two main clauses joined together

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Main clauses

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are the basis of all types of sentences, whether simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex

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simple sentence

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A main clause used alone or with any number of phrases

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subject complement

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a noun or adjective follows a linking verb and means the same as the subject or describes the subject

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Noun clause as subject

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A subordinate clause functioning as a noun can be used in a variety of ways. A noun clause can serve as the subject of a sentence.

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Noun clause as object

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Noun clauses can also function as objects of either verbs or prepositions.

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Noun clause as complement.

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Besides serving as a subject or an object of a verb or preposition, a noun clause can be used as a subject complement (predicate noun). A subject complement renames the subject and completes the meaning of the verb.

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Adjective Clauses

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is a subordinate clause which modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjective clauses are frequently introduced by relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) or relative adverbs (when, where).

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elliptical clause

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a clause whose meaning is understood even though one or more words have been omitted

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adverb clause

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Is a subordinate clause which is used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It modifies a verb when it tells how, when, where, why, to what extent or under what condition

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antecedent

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a word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun, especially a relative pronoun, refers

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relative pronoun

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a pronoun that relates to an antecedent and introduces a qualifying clause

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subordinate clauses often begin with the pronouns

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who, whose, whom, which, that, and what, or their compound forms whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever

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Who, which, that, whoever, whichever, and whatever are the

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nominative case forms of the relative pronouns

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pronouns

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take the place of nouns and function as subjects of sentences or clauses.

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An example of a sentence with a relative pronoun as its subject

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-Whichever you prefer is the one we'll buy. (Whichever is the subject of the noun clause; the entire subordinate clause is the subject of the sentence.)

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objective

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forms of the relative pronouns are whom, which, that, whomever, whichever, and whatever. -used when the relative pronoun is the object of a verb or a preposition.

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relative pronouns have the same form in both

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the nominative and objective cases

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possessive case.

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who and which

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condition

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a circumstance which is dependent or contingent upon some other

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subordinating conjunction

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a conjunction that joins clauses of minor rank to the main clause

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Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions

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after because than whenever although before though where as if unless wherever as if since until while so that as . . . as* when in order that

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Place:

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Did you leave your keys where you could find them easily? I can't remember where I've met you.*

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Time:

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I will write a letter to you when I receive one from you.

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Reason:

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We cancelled the picnic because the storm arrived.

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Condition:

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If you wish to go with us, please be ready on time.

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Purpose or result:

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We set the alarm in order that we might be ready on time

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Comparison

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John took more food in his backpack than his sister did.

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complement

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a word or phrase used after a verb to complete the predicate

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gerund

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a word ending in -ing which has characteristics of both a verb and a noun

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infinitive

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to plus a verb; usually used as a noun but occasionally used as an adjective or an adverb

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participle

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a word that has characteristics of both a verb and an adjective

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appositive

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a noun, pronoun, or phrase following another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it

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relative clause

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A clause introduced by a relative pronoun, such as WHO, WHICH, THAT, or by a relative adverb, such as WHERE, WHEN, WHY.

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antecedents

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preceding events that influence what comes later; ancestors or early background

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gerund phrase

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Begins with noun form of verb ending in -ing, plus any modifiers or complements

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Infinitive phrase

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phrase that includes the infinitive, it's objects, and the objects modifiers

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Participial phrase

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an -ing or -ed verb form that functions as an adjective plus its modifiers

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appositive phase

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Gives more information about a noun or pronoun. It has No verbs and is set off by commas

. WRITING EFFECTIVE SENTENCES – Flashcards

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