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Founded fascist party; He marched on Rome with his "black Shirt" followers. They forced the Italian King to appoint him head of the government and got rid of most of the free speech and free press rights. Tried to create a new Roman empire by conquering Ethiopia, Albania, etc. He wanted complete control of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Benito Mussolini

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After Lenin's death, ____ consolidated his power and eliminated all rivals in what he called the Great Purge. (Basically, all smart people in the party were exiled or killed, including military geniuses, etc. He created a program of industrialization to bring the USSR into the 20th century. He bragged that while the rest of the world was in a depression, the Soviet Union was booming (It was false, and happened at a huge loss of life)

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Josef Stalin

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Prime Minister of Japan from 1941-1945. Was an expansionist - Thought Japan should increase its holdings. He led the attack on Pearl Harbor

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Hideki Tojo

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Became Chancellor of Germany and transformed Germany's government into a dictatorship. Nazis controlled all parts of Germans' lives. He is well known for his "Final Solution" to the European Jew "problem."

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Adolf Hitler

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Founded by Mussolini. A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, strong social and economic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism, including expansionism. Private property, but with strong governmental control. Examples: Italy and Japan

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Fascism

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economic and political system based on one-party government and state ownership of property. No private ownership of property, and labor is organized to provide for the common good. Includes the desire for the worldwide spread of this philosophy. Example: USSR, China, etc. (each country puts their own spin on the philosophy).

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Communism

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The ideology and practice of the Nazi party in Germany. It involves a policy of racist nationalism, militaristic expansion, and consolidated control of the state under a strong dictator (Hitler). It is fascism with an evil twist. Belief in the superiority of the Aryan Race, and expanding to provide more living space and to unite all Aryan peoples under one regime. (World domination comes next!)

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Nazism

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U.S. reverted back to a policy of Isolationism after WWI. The United States were disappointed with the outcome of the war and decided they should stay out of European affairs and other countries' business in general. The U.S. refused to join the League of Nations.

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Isolationism

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a group of nations formed after WWI in order to protect countries from foreign attacks. This league was ineffective because it had no power to actually implement the programs it spoke of.

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League of Nations

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True or False? Most of the causes of WWII come from the outcome of WWI. Specifically, the Treaty of Versailles (which ended WWI)

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True

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What were the causes of WWII?

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New small, vulnerable countries; Italy and Japan felt belittled by T of V; Germans felt betrayed by T of V and hit hard by reparations; worldwide depression --economic crisis~political instability

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Internment: 100,000 thousand Japanese-Americans in USA, 62% of whom were U.S. citizens. FDR issued Executive Order 9066 on January 19, 1942, which made it legal for certain people to be considered a threat to military areas, and then could be excluded from these areas. Japanese-Americans in the Western United States were removed to "safer" areas. 90-98% were loyal to the USA. Losses estimated at $4-5 billion by today's standards, plus the emotional and intangible damage to individuals, families, and communities is incalculable.

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Japanese Americans

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400,000 served in the armed forces. It was an escape from the desperate poverty of migratory labor Bracero program: designed to help meet the demand for farm workers. It allowed thousands of ______ to immigrate to the Southwest. White Labor unions resented the competition they presented, which increased racial tensions in America. Zoot Suit Riots: Racial tensions broke out in violence in Los Angeles. ______ Teenagers formed youth Gangs, who adopted a fad of wearing Zoot suits (long, wide-shouldered jackets, pegged trousers, and wide-brimmed hats). U.S. Sailors on leave in L.A. began attacking every _____ they saw who was dressed in Zoot suits. The violence was caused by racial tension, and police added to the problems by arresting ______ youth

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Mexican Americans

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1 million served in the military. They served in segregated units and weren't included in combat duty until manpower shortages forced America to use its ____ soldiers. 2 million worked in defense industries. A. Philip Randolph was the president of a ______ union that fought against discrimination in defense industries. FDR passed the FEPC (Fair employment practices commission), which prohibited discrimination in defense industries.

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Blacks

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What happened to Germany after the war ended?

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Their gov't was dismantled and the country was occupied

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340,000 Allied soldiers were rescued from this location, evacuated across the English Channel

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Dunkirk

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The meeting held after Germany had surrendered that finalized the plans for the end of WWII

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Potsdam Conference

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Last German offensive of WWII

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Battle of the Bulge

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Germans disguised as American Generals caused confusion

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Battle of the Bulge

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The German Army ran out of fuel and tanks were abandoned

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Battle of the Bulge

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Hitler's last major offensive. He attacked the thinly held Allied line in the Ardennes Forest of Belgium, which caused the Allies to retreat. This caused a 50-mile wide bulge in the allied lines, but the advance stalled and the Allies recovered and won the battle

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Battle of the Bulge

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Prime Minister who opposed appeasement

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Winston Churchill

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Code name for the fake operation in Europe

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Operation Fortitude

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Term for the German Air Force

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Luftwaffe

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The alliance formed by Germany, Japan, and Italy

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Axis Powers

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Supreme Allied Commander in Europe

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Eisenhower

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British Prime Minister who gave away part of Czechoslovakia

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Neville Chamberlain

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Immediate cause for the US entry into WWII

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Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

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What was a determining factor in Operation Torch campaign?

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To relieve pressure on the Soviets

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Who attacked Germans from behind enemy lines?

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Paratroopers at D-Day

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Who seized exit roads?

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Paratroopers at D-Day

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Who disrupted enemy communications

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Paratroopers at D-Day

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Requirements for location of D-Day invasion

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Safe distance from Germany, but gained a foothold in Europe; close to our base of operations in GB; had a port that supported supplies flowing into Europe; stable ground (sand)

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Which leader was responsible for the deaths of millions of his countrymen?

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Stalin

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D-Day designates the day when the . . .

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Allies invaded France

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Popular German General, known as the "desert fox"

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Rommel

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Systematic murdering of almost 12 million Jews

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Holocaust

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Which region of Czechoslovakia was demanded by and given to Hitler?

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Sudetenland

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Formal surrender of the Nazis; May 8, 1945

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V-E Day

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provoke a series of crises that presented England and France with no alternative than giving him his way

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Hitler's Strategy (33-39)

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Sept. 1938; Neville Chamberlain was the Prime Minister of England He thought that Germany had been treated poorly after WWI and Germany has legitimate grievances that should be addressed. He thought that by granting some of Hitler's demands, he could avoid a European War. He is associated with the foreign POLICY OF APPEASEMENT, which was: Hitler asked the League nations if he could annex the Sudetenland. Britain and France refused at first, but finally agreed to let Germany have the Sudetenland because they were unwilling to go to war over it. In exchange, Hitler promised not to make any further territorial demands in Europe Within six months, Hitler broke the pledge (which he never intended to keep). Hitler overran the rest of Czechoslovakia

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Munich Agreements (7-8)

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Germany withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933 In 1935, Hitler announced the rearmament of Germany, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles In 1936, He reoccupied the Rhineland--part of the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in the Tr. of V. Also in 1936, Hitler formed the Rome-Berlin Axis. (Alliance) Germany made agreements with Japan in 1936 and 1940 March 1938, Hitler annexed Austria (Anschluss). This was specifically forbidden by the Tr. Of V.

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(1-6)

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August 1939 Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union. They agreed not to attack each other if either country became involved in a war. Obviously Hitler didn't want to be involved in a war on two fronts. The two nations decide to divide Poland between them. Hitler invades Poland on Sept. 1, 1939. On September 3, 1939, Both Britain and France declare war on Germany. This was the Blitzkrieg, which was designed to happen so quickly that no one could stop the Nazi advance.

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(9-10)

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U.S. could sell goods to belligerent countries as long as the countries paid in cash and carried the goods away on their own ships

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Cash and Carry

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The U.S. gave Britain 50 Destroyer ships in exchange for a lease on British bases in the Caribbean

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Destroyer Deal

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Churchill notified FDR that Britain was no longer able to purchase war supplies from the U.S. The U.S. could lend war supplies to Britain, and they would repay us after the war was over. It was furthering the defense of America because the defense of Britain was deemed necessary for the security of the United States

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Lend-Lease Program

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Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to help Great Britain even though the country was neutral. He designed three programs to help Britain without declaring war.

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Cash and Carry, Destroyer Deal, Lend-Lease Program

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Speech given Jan. 6, 1941, in which FDR outlined freedoms that everyone in the world should have (1. Freedom of Speech 2. Freedom of Worship, 3. Freedom from Want, 4. Freedom from Fear)

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Four Freedoms

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Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Japan had been deteriorating since 1937 (When Japan invaded China). *Japan invades China in 1931 (Mukden Incident) and 1937 (Rape of Nanjing) The U.S. put Economic Sanctions on Japan, placed an embargo on exports of scrap metal, oil and aviation fuel to Japan and froze Japanese bank accounts in America. As diplomatic relations deteriorated, Japan began planning an attack on the U.S. navy based in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

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US-Japanese Relations

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Dec. 7, 1941; The date that shall live in Infamy. It was a series of coordinated attacks; Pearl Harbor, Philippines, Guam, Midway, Hong Kong, Malay Peninsula, Wake Island

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Pearl Harbor

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FDR addressed the nation on Dec. 8th and Congress approved a declaration of war

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Declaration of War

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America had a mixed reaction to _____ in the armed forces. _____ on the Homefront worked in all aspects of wartime production (defense industries). Many ____ left their positions as stay-at-home parents and joined military industries. Unfortunately, after the War ended, most ____ lost their jobs and were forced to return home

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Women

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Effects of Mobilization

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Ends unemployment, presidential power expands, disruptive influence in USA, prosperity

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May 1943: Allied forces succeeded in subduing Axis forces in Tunisia, Morocco, and Algeria. Dwight D. Eisenhower was the allied commander of this operation. From there the Allies invaded Italy and forced Mussolini from power

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Operation Torch

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the plan to outwit the Nazis with the Allied invasion into France. It was a fake operation, including dummy tanks and armies. It was designed to keep the Germans guessing about the location of the invasion

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Operation Fortitude

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June 1944. The Allied invasion of France. George C. Marshall led the planning of the attack on France. Dwight D. Eisenhower led the invasion at Normandy. Commonly referred to by its code name: D-day (which means Day, not anything else)

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Operation Overlord

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June 6, 1944. This was America's "Longest Day," meaning that more Americans died on this day than on any other day of WWII. The most famous landing was at Omaha Beach

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D-Day Invasion at the Beaches of Normandy

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Mines in the Channel Belgian Gates Hedgehogs Logs in beach with mines Barbed Wire Pre-sited Tobruks Large guns on top of the bluff (

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German defenses at Normandy

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Leader of German defenses at Normandy

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Field Marshall Erwin Rommel; He made it very difficult for Allied soldiers to land and advance off the beaches.

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The Allied forces were pushing towards Berlin from France, and Russia was pushing towards Berlin from Poland. The Soviets reached Berlin in April 1945 and destroyed the city. This contributed to the division of Germany post-war, into Communist and Democratic sides

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Race to Berlin

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February 1945: political concerns called for a final great action of the European War. It was a terror raid on the non-industrial city of Dresden. The city was filled with refugees, great art, and was undefended by that Nazis. Tens of thousands of refugees were killed without military justification

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Bombing of Dresden

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Army Rangers had to scale the 120 ft cliff to neutralize these guns The guns could fire on THREE of the beaches

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Pointe Du Hoc

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the systematic extermination of 11 million people, including Jews, gypsies, handicapped, homosexuals, political prisoners, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other "inferior" peoples. The program's goal was to annihilate an entire people. The killing took place in death camps set up throughout Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria. The extent of the horrors didn't become public knowledge until the Allies liberated the camps in 1945

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Holocaust

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The Big Three (FDR, Churchill, and Stalin) Purpose: talk about the world post-war Germany would be divided and occupied (4 districts held by US, England, France, and Russia Denazification - all Nazi party leaders are arrested, no more Nazism allowed War Crimes Tribunal for Axis leaders Stalin promised to enter the fight against Japan no more than 90 days after Europe's surrender The United Nations would be organized to help run the world

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Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)

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Lightning War of quick, crushing, surprising attacks

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Blitzkrieg

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Alliance formed by Germany, Japan, and Italy

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Axis Powers

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Term for the German armored tank divisions

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Panzers

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More success than most in operation Torch; Ruthless

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General George S. Patton

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Brilliant German commander of Army; respected by many; forced to commit suicide b/c he tried to kill hitler

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Erwin Rommel

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Turning point of European Theater; invasion ultimately succeeded because of sheer numbers, but it was extremely costly in terms of lives, supplies, and equipment. It did give the allies a toehold in France and little by little, the Allies were able to push the Nazis out of France

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D-Day Invasion at the Beaches of Normandy

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Code names of beaches

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Omaha, Utah-US; Sword, Gold-GB; Juno-Canada

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