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Hominids

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A primate of a family that includes humans and their fossil ancestors.

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Bipedalism

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A form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs.

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Radiation Theory

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An increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity, due to adaptive change or the opening of ecospace.

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Parallel Evolution Theory

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The development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades.

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Characteristics of a Civilization

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Social Structure, Stable Food Supply, Religion, Government, Writing, Culture, Technology

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Mesopotamia

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Name for the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, roughly corresponding to modern-day Iraq, Syria and Kuwait, including regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iranian-Iraqi borders.

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Cuneiform

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Denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets.

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Gilgamesh

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A legendary Sumerian king, the hero of Sumerian and Babylonian epics.

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Sargon

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Mesopotamian ruler: founder of Akkadian kingdom.

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Hammurabi's Code

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"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth."

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Nile River

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A north-flowing river in Africa, is among the world's longest waterways, famed for its ancient history and archaeological sites.

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Pharoah

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A ruler in ancient Egypt.

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Mummification

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A process in which the skin and flesh of a corpse can be preserved.

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Papyrus

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A material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of a water plant, used in sheets throughout the ancient Mediterranean world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats.

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Hieroglyphics

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A formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements.

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Rosetta Stone

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A granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt. It had three different languages on it.

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Mohenjo-Daro

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An archeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.

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Sanskirt

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An ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived.

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Vedas

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The most ancient Hindu scriptures, written in early Sanskrit and containing hymns, philosophy, and guidance on ritual for the priests of Vedic religion. Believed to have been directly revealed to seers among the early Aryans in India, and preserved by oral tradition.

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The Caste System

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A class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich, if you're a glass-half-full person.

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Brahmins

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The highest class of the caste system.

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Kshatriyas

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The second highest class of the caste system.

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Vaishyas

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The third highest class of the caste system.

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Shudras

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The fourth and last part of the caste pyramid.

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Untouchables

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This class of the caste system is not in the pyramid as these people are "outcastes"

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Siddhartha Gautama

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Simply the Buddha, was a sage on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.

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Four Noble Truths

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The four central beliefs containing the essence of Buddhist teaching.

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Eightfold Path

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The fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths

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Nirvana

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A transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Buddhism.

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Yellow River

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The third-longest river in Asia, following the Yangtze River and Yenisei River, and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 km.

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Oracle Bones

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Pieces of turtle shell or bone, normally from ox scapulae or turtle plastrons, which were used for pyromancy - a form of divination - in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty.

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Mandate of Heaven

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An ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.

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Dynastic Cycle

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An important political theory in Chinese history. According to this theory, everydynasty goes through a culture cycle. 1. A new ruler unites China, founds a new dynasty, and gains the Mandate of Heaven. 2.

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Confucius

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A Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.

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Legalism

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The need for order above all other human concerns.

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Lao Zi

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A philosopher and poet of ancient China. He is known as the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching and the founder of philosophical Taoism, and as a deity in religious Taoism and traditional Chinese religions.

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Dao

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A philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao

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Yin and Yang

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Two principles, one negative, dark, and feminine, and one positive, bright, and masculine

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Minoans

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The first Europeans to have literate civilization.

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Polis

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A city state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes.

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Acropolis

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A settlement, especially a citadel, built upon an area of elevated ground—frequently a hill with precipitous sides, chosen for purposes of defense.

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Citizens

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A legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized.

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Sparta's Government

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Two co-kings, 30 Gerontes (Council), 5 Ephors (More Powerful Council), and then a once a month council.

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Sparta's Economy

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Depended on conquering more land and farming.

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Sparta's Society

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The people owned their own land.

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Athen's Government

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Democracy

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Athen's Economy

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Depended on trade.

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Athen's Society

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They believed that individuals should be free as long as they acted within the laws of Greece. They strived to be the best they could and challenged themselves every single second of their life.

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Persian Wars

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A series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC.

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Golden Age of Athens

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This was a period of Athenian political hegemony, economic growth and cultural flourishing formerly known as the Golden Age of Athens with the later part The Age of Pericles.

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Philosophers

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A person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.

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Peloponnesian War

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An ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases.

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Republic Government

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A state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. 2. any body of persons viewed as a commonwealth. 3. a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state.

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Romans Roads

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These roads were made of dirt with cobblestone put on top of them. The romans were good at making extremely straight roads. The reason they put the rock over the dirt is because if it rained and there was no cobble the dirt would wash away and the road would become very rutted and hard to navigate.

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The Arch

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A type of architecture mastered by the Romans.

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Julius Caesar

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A Roman statesman, general and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

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Caesar Agustus

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The founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. He was born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian Octavii family.

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Rise of Christianity

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First, Christians promised that if you lived your life right you went to heaven when you died. In the other Roman religion, only the gods could live in heaven. Everyone else was consigned to the underworld. Second, every Christian considered themselves equal to every other Christian. There was no nobility or higher caste. Between 300-600 AD Christianity spread faster than ever.

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St. Paul

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The Apostle, original name Saul of Tarsus

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Constantine

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Lived from 317-337 AD

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Attila the Hun

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Part of one of the barbarian groups that made the Roman empire crumble.

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The Legacy of Rome

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Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering Aqueducts Sewage systems Dams Cement

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