World History Test 3 – Flashcards
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Cataract
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A series of rapids and waterfalls on a river
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Collective learning
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The ability to learn and transfer knowledge to others
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Consonant
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A speech sound other than a vowel
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Indigenous
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People groups that are native to a region
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Logographic
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A system of writing in which signs or characters represent meanings, such as modern Chinese
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Mercenaries
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Professional soldiers paid to fight for a country other than their own
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West Semitic alphabet
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One of the first systems; southwest Asia around 1800 BC; based on shapes of Egyptian hieroglyphs used to distinguish a single consonant sound
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Covenant
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A solemn agreement between 2 or more parties
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Diaspora
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Scattering of ppl from their homeland
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Messiah
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Someone regarded as a savior or liberator of a people
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Protectorate
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Region controlled and defended by a more powerful state
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Religion
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Beliefs concerning the existence, nature, and worship of a deity or deities
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Revenue
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Money that comes into a business from the sale of goods or services
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Torah
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Primary holy book of Judaism
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Anvil
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Piece of iron on which heated metal is beaten into shapes
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Hierarchical
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Formally ranked order of a group
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Metallurgy
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The study of metals and the process for refining and making things from them
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Savannah
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Large flat grassland located in a tropical or subtropic region
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Smelting
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To melt ore in order to get metal from it
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Steppe
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Vast, semi-arid, usually grassy plain
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Vassal
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Someone who shows loyalty to another in return for being allowed to occupy land
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Anarchy
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Absence of any system of government in a society
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Aristocracy
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People of the highest social class or nobility
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Democracy
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Form of gov allowing every citizen to participate
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despot
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Tyrant or ruler with absolute power
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Oligarchy
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Small group of ppl who together governs a nation
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Tyranny
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Exercising power with cruelty and injustice
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Tyrant
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Person who exercises power with cruelty and injustice
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Anthropomorphic
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Human form and behavior attributed to deities in mythology
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Hubris
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Excessive arrogance or ambition that leads to the downfall of a hero
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Inductive reasoning
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Reaching conclusions based on observation
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Metaphysical
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The philosophical study of the nature of being and beings
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Mythology
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Stories which are not necessarily true about ancestors heroes and gods
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Philosophy
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A particular system of thought or doctrine
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Socratic method
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A means of arriving at truth by questioning, obtaining answers, and critiquing the answers
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Sophistry
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Method of argumentation that seems clever but is flawed or dishonest
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Utopia
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An ideal or perfect place where everyone lives in harmony
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Virtue
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State of being moral, good, or righteous
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Cynicism
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Philosophy that doubts the attitude, beliefs, or character of others
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Dynasty
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A succession of rulers from the same family
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Judiciary
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Branch of gov that administers justice
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Skepticism
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Philosophy that believes true knowledge is not possible
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Syncretism
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Philosophy that attempts to combine different systems of beliefs or practices
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Monasticism
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Way of life where a person withdraws from society to devote themselves to prayer and solitude
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Satrap
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Persian provincial governor
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Confederacy
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Alliance of people or states
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Imperator
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Victorious military commander during Roman Republic
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Imperium
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Use power of the state to enforce the law
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Patrician
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Member of aristocratic family in Rome
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Plebeian
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One of the ordinary Rome citizens
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Ratify
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Give formal approval to agreement
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Triumvirate
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Group of 3 ppl who jointly share authority or power
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Latin
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This became the universal language with changes done by the Romans.
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Pyramids and tombs are similar; similar religious beliefs and gods; similar art and architecture; adapted Coptic language for everyday; organized society along Egypt lines; assumed all the Egyptian royal titles of pharaoh.
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Reasons why Kush is considered a satellite of Egypt
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Plato
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Aristotle's teacher
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Development of own language; religious beliefs predate Egypt; believed to be first human race; oldest recognizable monarchy system in world; boasted a long line of rulers including women; developed own language and script.
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Reasons why Kush was it's own distinct culture:
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FALSE
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Greek alphabet was based on the shapes of Egyptian hieroglyphs used to distinguish a single consonant sound
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Kush
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Worlds oldest recognized monarchy is found in:
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Greeks
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Who added vowels to the alphabetic system?
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Literacy increased for officials, merchants, priests, and scholars, but not who?
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Ordinary farmers or workers
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722 BC
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The diasporas began in what year along with the Assyrians?
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597-538 BC
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Years of Babylonian captivity
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During the Hellenistic Period with the Greeks
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When did the 3rd Diaspora occur?
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AD 66-73
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When did the final Diaspora occur with the Romans?
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Egypt
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Single most important event in Jewish history is their exodus from:
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David, Soloman, Saul
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3 main kings during the golden age of Israel:
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Assyrian; Babylonian; Greek; Roman
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In what order did the four diasporas mentioned occur?
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AD70
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The Jewish state ended at the hands of the Romans in:
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Israel and Judah
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2 parts of Hebrew nation:
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Migration and influence of Bantu-speaking people who produced iron for tools and weapons
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Iron technology spread slowly across Africa because of:
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African kingdoms, urban settlements, and iron working centers
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Iron technology influenced the growth of:
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Hierarchical social classes, divisions of labor, specialized crafts, long distance trade, and war
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Intron technology influenced the growth of:
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Xiongnu
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Pastoral nomadic society; large confederation of tribes interacting with Chinese culture; developed trade with western world along Silk Road; introduced iron technology and established models for gov and war
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Scythians influenced who:
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Europe, Central Asia, Mediterranean, and Russia
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Starting in Anatolia, migrated to southern Russia, Central Asia, modern Afghanistan, northern Iran
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Scythians migrated where:
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Central Asia
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Xiongnu and Scythians greatly influenced this area:
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Xiongnu
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Asiatic Huns were also known as:
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Most of what we know about Scythians comes from
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Romans and Greeks
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Bantu
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This tribe migrated across Africa bringing iron technology with it:
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Five
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Torah is compared of how many books?
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Nomadic
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Scythians and xiongnu were what kind of societies?
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Abraham
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Judiasm traces it's roots to who?
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Africa
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Evidence suggests art of metallurgy began where?
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Egyptian; Semitic; Phoenician; greek; roman
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Place languages in order:
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Coptic
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Language spoken in egypt
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Which region was NOT influenced by scythians?
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Africa
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Scythians divided into what two branches?
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Iranian and Indian
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Benefits of iron technology in agriculture:
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More land could be cleared; more diverse crops grown
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Athens in Greece produced what culture developments?
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Political freedom; national security; essential ideas of Platos Republic
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Political freedom
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6th century BC changed from monarchy to oligarchy; Solon a tyrant assumed power in 594 BC; reforms include- Citizens assembly, right to hold office based on land ownership, moved from oligarchy to democracy; failure to resold economic problems resulted in anarchy by Athens;
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Peisistratus
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A despot who assumed authority, increased power of Citizens Assembly, promoted cultural advances in poetry, drama, and architecture
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Cleisthenes
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Expanded democracy after Peis' deadh; reforms included changing basis of representation and instituting popular referendum
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Persian wars: natural geography provided defense for Athens, Greek victory in Battle of Marathon 490 BC resulted in Athens and other city states forming Delian League for protection against Persians and pirates; Battle of Salamis Bay in 480 BC eliminated Persian influence in Greece, and Athens nicer Pericles, established the Athenian Empire.
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What challenged Athens national security?
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Plato's Republic
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10 books; dialogues of Plato and other Greek philosophers; 3 essential ideas in Western Philosophy
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3 views of Justice
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Advantage of strong; obedient to law; advantage over other
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Republic provided allegory of ideal republic or state:
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Society is divided into 3 groups based on intellect, courage, and strength- which established an aristocracy
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Platos theory on forms and ideas:
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World divided into visible and intelligible, representing forms, ideas, and reality.
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Cleisthenes
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Who made all citizens over 30 eligible to serve on council and gave more power to Citizens Assembly?
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Delian League
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Alliance of Greek city states
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Platos famous teacher
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Socrates
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Solon
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First Athenian reform leader established the citizens assembly, forbade enslavement for debt, made fathers responsible for seeing that their sons learned a trade
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Salamis Bay
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This battle eliminated Persian influence in Greece and Athens
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Greek tragedies include:
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Above average people as Heroes kings and gods; change of fortune from good to bad; plays spoken in higher language
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Characteristics of Greek comedies:
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Average people; change from bad to good; spoken in everyday language
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Famous Greek playwrights
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Aeschylus-father of Greek tragedy wrote Persians; Sophocles-female characters wrote Oedipus Cycle; Euripides- strong female characters smart slaves wrote Bacchae
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Milesian school
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Taught primary material was base of all natural objects and source of motion
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Anaximenes
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Everything made
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Pythagorean school
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Believed transmigration of souls from plants to animals
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Xenophanes
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One great god with all mind moving things by the force of spirit
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Parmenides
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Changing world what we experience through senses has no reality and can't be known
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Sophists
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Asked questions and arguments that sounded good but contained errors
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Socrates
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Leading questions to bring student to see conclusion that would naturally follow from premise (Socratic method)
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Plato
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Believed elements in physical world were imperfections or shadows of the eternal perfect idea
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Aristotle
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Approached problems by thinking through evidence (inductive reasoning)
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Classical
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Civilization whose impact came felt for a long time
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Egyptians
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Discovered philosophy
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Homer
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Wrote illiad and odyssey
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356-323 BC; son on Phillip II who united Greece; conquered much of known world (Persia, Egypt, tyre, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Syria) died at 32
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Alexander the Great
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Influence of Alex
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Mixed Greek culture all over world; affected future of roman Jewish Islamic and Christian cultures; mixture of cultures resulted in syncretism (mixing of religion and ideas); emergence of philosophies such as Epicureanism, stoicism, skepticism, Platonism
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Antipater
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Who ruled Greece and Macedonia after Alexander's death
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Pleasure is greatest aim in life
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Epicureanism
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Alex's administrative headquarters location
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babylon
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Important to completely control passion and emotions
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Stoicism
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Ptolemy
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Who ruled Egypt after Alex's death
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Zoroastrianism
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Founded by Zarathustra 6th BC; 2 deities- good Ahura Mazda and bad Angra Mainyu; Avesta; 3 fold path- good deeds thoughts and words; believers judges by choices; first monotheistic religion
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Herodotus
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Greek merchant who wrote Histories- Persian war; Father of history; worked extensively from oral histories and traditions; wrote about Cyrus, Darius, Cambyses, and Xerxes; covered battles of Marathon Thermopylae, and bay of Salamis
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Cyrus
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Respected customs and religions of the people he conquered
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Cambyses
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One of nth few generals in history to ever conquer and occupy egypt
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Darius
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Defeated by Greeks at bay of
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Xerxes
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Defeated by Greeks at bay of salamis
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Location of famous 300 Spartan against Persian army is
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Thermopylae
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Roam origins
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Agrarian society; migrants called Italics came; Greeks and Etruscans followed; 3 theories on roman origins- Trojan war around 1100 BC, twin brothers Romulus and Remus around 750 BC; several villages banded together-; first gov was monarchy followed by oligarchy; gov composed of Senate and assembly of all male citizens; society composed of 2 groups- patricians and plebeians
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Republic phase
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Latina reveled against Etruscans; 2 consuls appointed to rule; plebeians made gains in power; class struggles erupted as Rome increased in size; power shifted from senate and assembly to generals and politicians; ceased became first dictator
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Later
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Augustus became empower; ending republic; 200 yrs of peace followed (Pax Romana) empire continued to grow
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First Triumvirate
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Crassus; Pompey; Julius Ceaser
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Romana Senate Powers
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Approval or veto of new king; judging legislation and actions of king; check and balance of kings powers
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Crucifixion
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Execution where victim is bound to cross by nails
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Doctrine
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Ideas taught as truth in religion
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Gospel
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Teachings of Jesus and his life
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Heretic
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Someone who has beliefs that contradict a religions doctrine
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Messiah
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Savior or liberator of people
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Trinity
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3 person unity father son Holy Spirit
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Constantine
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Who established the edict of Milan in 313
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Chattel
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Type of slavery where slave is sole property of master with no rights
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Infanticide
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Killing newborn babies or infants
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Populace
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General public living in city or region
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Subordinate
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Lower in rank or status to another person
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Syncretism
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Philosophy that attempts to combine different systems of beliefs or practices
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2 classical civilizations in India
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Maurya and Gupta empires
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Mauryan empire
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First to unify India; famous leader Ashoka who denounced violence and took up Buddhism
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Buddhism
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Believes all human suffering is caused by human desire and can be controlled
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Gupta Empire
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Known for magnificent art architecture and literature
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Indian women
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Subject to men and couldn't select husband
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Han dynasty
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former & latter; longest dynasty in Chinese history; adapted Confuciansim as state philosophy; began exam for gov jobs; Hab Wu Ti; male dominant society; foot binding; expanded Silk Road
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Confucius placed emphasis on;
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Morality justice sincerity and social relationships
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Olmec civil
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Mother culture to Mayans incas and Aztecs; "rubber people"; drainage systems; large stone heads; disappeared; 365 day calendar
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Olmec location
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MesoAmerica
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What did Han dynasty standardize?
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Writing; weights and measures
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Ramayana
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Depicts women's role in Indian society
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Alexander
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Chandragupta rebelled against gov of :
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Founder of christianity
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Jesus
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Laws of Rome written in 450 BC
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Twelve tables
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End of roman republic when who took power
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Caesar Augustus (Octavian)
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Siddhartha founded this religion
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Buddhism
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Etruscans ruled this region before Romans
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Italy
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299 yrs of roman peace
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Pax Romana
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Confucianism
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Han dynasty religion
