World History Second Semester Final Exam Persuasive Essay – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Martin Luther
answer
German monk and professor of theology; 95 theses; Lutheranism
question
Salvation by faith alone
answer
Believing in Jesus Christ by praising and faith, but not works
question
Indulgences
answer
fees for services such as marriage and baptism
question
John Calvin
answer
found Calvinism, he wrote "Institutes of a Christian Religion", believed people were predestined for heaven or hell
question
Predestination
answer
Long ago, God determind who would gain salvation
question
Theocracy in Geneva
answer
government run by the church
question
Henry VIII
answer
King of England "Defender of Faith"; Parliament made him head of church; wrote to church to condemn Luther's teachings
question
Counter Reformation
answer
movement to counter the spread of the Reformation; initiated by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent
question
Elizabeth I
answer
Henry VIII & Anne's daughter; reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada
question
Shakespeare
answer
english poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers
question
Philip II
answer
king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England
question
Spanish Armanda
answer
a fleet of ships sent by Philip ll, to invade England and restore Roman Catholicism
question
Advances of the Scientific Revolution
answer
telescope-look into space scientific method-process to collect data human body structure ointment-protect infection
question
Heliocentrism
answer
sun centered
question
Copernicus
answer
published "The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" ; first person to believe that the planets revolved around the sun
question
Galileo
answer
created the telescope; heliocentric theory along with Copernicus
question
Newton
answer
English mathematician and physicist; developed law of gravitation and his three laws of motion
question
Absolute Monarch
answer
A king or queen with complete authority over the government and people in a kingdom
question
Divine Right
answer
belief that a rulers authority comes directly from God
question
Louis XIV
answer
the Sun King, he was the greatest,longest absolute monarch in French history
question
Sun King
answer
nickname for Louis XIV that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles, which he built
question
Versailles
answer
amazing monument to the power of the French Monarchy, built by Louis XIV over a long period of time, meant to impress and scare nobility, foreigners, and commoners alike, this palace was where Louis XIV moved his court in order to keep them under his control and away from the uncontrollable social scene in Paris
question
Peter the Great
answer
czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government
question
Constitutional Monarchy
answer
a king or queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution
question
English Civil War
answer
civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I
question
Lord Protector Cromwell
answer
english general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War
question
Cromwell's Protectorate Government
answer
a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power
question
Glorious Revolution Cause
answer
english overthrow of James II
question
Glorious Revolution Result
answer
King James offends his subjects by displaying his Catholicism & his wife gives birth to a son, British citizens become nervous that a line of Catholic kings will rule England, so the citizens force King James II to abdicate his throne; His daughter Mary and her husband William are invited by parliament to rule England. They agree to recognize Parliament as their partner and the absolute monarchy is replaced with a constitutional monarchy. They also agree to rule with parliament and a bill of rights.
question
William and Mary
answer
king and queen of England after Glorious Revoluton and with them, King James' Catholic reign ended
question
English Bill of Rights
answer
king William and queen Mary accepted this document that declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.
question
Philosophes
answer
thinkers of the Enlightenment; wanted to educate the socially elite; weren't allowed to openly criticize church or state..discussed in salons
question
Salons
answer
informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, and phisophes exchanged ideas
question
Voltaire
answer
French, greatest Enlightenment thinker; wrote Candide;believed enlightened despot best form of government.
question
Montesquieu
answer
wrote On the Spirit of Laws; french political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers
question
Checks and Balances
answer
system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
question
Rousseau
answer
wrote the Social Contract; he identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted by society; all people equal and abolish the nobility
question
Social Contract
answer
an agreement by which they gave up their freedom for an organized society
question
John Locke
answer
believed people were born with a blank slate; life, liberty, and property
question
Thomas Jefferson
answer
3rd President of the United States; author of Declaration of Independence from Virgina; Life, Liberty, & the Pursuit of Happiness
question
Enlightened Despotism
answer
system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment
question
Catherine the Great
answer
empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire
question
Frederick the Great
answer
"1st servant of the state"; exerted extremely tight control over his subjects during his reign in Prussia
question
1st Estate
answer
consisted of clergy ;they owned about 10% of the land; they were exempt from taxes; provided social services
question
2nd Estate
answer
2-4% nobility; crushed military power, but gained top jobs in the government, army, court, & church nobles felt they weren't gettting paid enough and had to maintain that status; hated absolutism & royal bureaucracy; exempted from taxes
question
3rd Estate
answer
the commoners of French society prior to the revolution; the class that was divided into the bourgeoisie, laborers, san-culottes, artisans, and peasants
question
French Revolution
answer
an uprising of the people that led to the end of the French monarchy and the beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
question
Political Causes of the French Revolution
answer
Louis called the Estates General to mess up the estates even more
question
Intellectual Causes of the French Revolution
answer
ideas & writings of Enlightenment thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau became widespread; the French people were inspired to go against Louis
question
Economic causes of the French Revolution
answer
Louis XIV had spent too much; his successors did not cut down expenses;Louis XVI also failed to improve the financial situation, he dismissed ministers who tried to introduce financial reforms; by 1789, the government was bankrupt
question
Social Causes of the French Revolution
answer
The Third estate had to pay heavy taxes, work hard, and get no say in the government while the other estates had the Estates General and no taxes
question
Results of French Revolution
answer
Taxes lowered, social reform; nationalism spread
question
Bourgeoisie
answer
educated, middle class of France; provided force behind the Revolution
question
Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
answer
king and queen of France were spending much of frances money on themselves not on helping the citizens >citizens uprising> death of king and queen by guilotene
question
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
answer
This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law
question
Storming of the Bastille
answer
July 14, 1789, destruction of the prison because of Paris citizens defening the National Assembly & wanted the gun powder; seen as the true start of the French Revolution
question
Reign of Terror
answer
the period when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed
question
Napoleonic Wars
answer
French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon
question
Napoleonic Code
answer
civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property
question
Congress of Vienna
answer
meeting of representatives of European monarchs, called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
question
Reasons for Great Britain's leadership of Industrial Revolution
answer
strong ecomonic advance; slavery; & scientific/technological developments
question
Urbanization
answer
movement of people from rural areas to cities
question
Laissez-faire Capitalism
answer
This was the style of capitalism in which the government had no interference with the economy
question
Utilitarianism
answer
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
question
Socialism
answer
an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
question
Marxist Communism
answer
-work according to ability -receive according to need -classless society -no need for government
question
Modern Communism
answer
a political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country
question
Bourgeoisie & Proletariat in terms of Karl Marx
answer
one does factory work while the other does manual work such as mining, farming
question
Nationalism
answer
a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
question
Militarism
answer
glorification of war and military
question
Romanticism
answer
artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination
question
Realpolitik
answer
politics based on practical, rather than moral or ideological considerations
question
Imperialism
answer
policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically
question
Causes of Imperialism
answer
Industrialism, nationalist feelings, desire to spread religion, social darwinism
question
Impacts from Imperialism
answer
Justification for racism & belief that Europe was superior
question
Otto Von Bismarck
answer
chancellor of Prussia & Germany; conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria and France; was responsible for the unification of the German Empire; blood & iron.
question
Berlin Conference
answer
meeting to divide Africa by European powers; no African representatives
question
White Man's Burden
answer
talks about problems and rewards of imperialism; racist & elite
question
The Raj
answer
title of British control in India; reign of Queen Victoria... created in order to trade
question
Commodore Perry
answer
leader who came to Japan and forced them to open up to Western trade and influence
question
Open Door Policy
answer
policy proposed by the US which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade with/in China
question
Causes of World War 1
answer
Competition, militarism, nationalism, and Pan slavism
question
"spark" to start WWI
answer
(powder keg) - Balkan Peninsula attacked Turkey and that lead to further issues
question
Alliance System
answer
an agreement to support another country in case of war; two huge alliances emerged from this
question
Triple Alliance
answer
Germany Austria-Hungary Italy
question
Triple Entente
answer
Britain Russia France
question
New weapons introduced in WWI
answer
Tanks, poisen gas, machine guns, U-boats, and airplanes
question
Lusitania
answer
a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat; 128 Americans died; sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war
question
Reason why U.S. entered WWI
answer
Zimmerman Note, Lusitania, money issues, advancing their politics, submarine warfare by Germany
question
Effect of the U.S. joining WWI
answer
defeat of Axis powers faster by ecomically and military
question
Treaty of Versailles
answer
treaty imposed on Germany by Allied Powers after World War I demanding that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland
question
League of Nations
answer
an international association formed after World War I with the goal of keeping peace among nations
question
War Guilt Clause
answer
a provision in the treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for WWI
question
War Reparations
answer
payments demanded by the victors from the losers & Germany had to admit responsibility for WWI and pay for costs of the war.
question
Russian Revolution Causes
answer
WWI loss of ecomincs & military, Tsar's mistakes, and riots
question
Bolsheviks
answer
led by Lenin, it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI
question
Lenin
answer
Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR
question
Stalin
answer
russian leader who took Lenin's spot as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
question
Causes of WWII
answer
Dictators, Imperialism, consequences of WWI, appeasement, nationalism, Treaty of Versailles, facism
question
Totalitarianism
answer
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator, not restricted by law or constitution
question
Hitler
answer
german Nazi dictator during World War II, Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust
question
Nazism
answer
a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism, Adolf Hitler used this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany
question
Mein Kampf
answer
book writen by Hitler where he outlines his beliefs: Germans are a superior race, The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany unfairly and that a crowed Germany needed the lands of Eastern Europe and Russia
question
Appeasements
answer
giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep the peace; Hitler, Stalin
question
Manchuria
answer
a region in northeastern China invaded by Japan
question
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
answer
nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman
question
Holocaust
answer
plan made by Hitler to ensure German supremacy; It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, mentally and physically disabled
question
Emperor Hirohito
answer
emperor who forced the Japanese government to surrender, which ended World War II
question
Cold War
answer
conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union, the nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years
question
Iron Curtain
answer
term to describe the division between Communist and non-Communist life in Europe made by Churchill
question
NATO
answer
organization made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
question
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
answer
many nations agreed to signed this to help prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to other nations
question
Global Interdependence
answer
means that people and nations worldwide depend on one another for many goods and services
question
Out-sourcing
answer
producing inexpensive products by building factories and hiring workers in other countries; ex: U.S. grounds in China
question
European Union
answer
international organization made of Western European countries to promote free trade among members
question
Ghandi
answer
fought for indian independence with non-violence to expose Great Britain
question
Ghandi's Civil Disobedience Movement
answer
hunger strikes and peaceful protests
question
Causes of Vietnam War
answer
prevent the spread of communism into neighboring countries the US helped the South Vietnam fight the Soviet and Chinese aided North Vietnamese form; Pearl Harbor; Fort Sumter capture; battles on Concord and Lexington
question
Vietnam War Results
answer
South Vietnam and U.S. lost soldiers and money
question
Viet Cong
answer
communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam
question
Chairman Mao
answer
Communist leader of China, started Cultural Revolution
question
Great Leap Forward
answer
a five-year economic plan that collectivized farms in China and put them into communes
question
Cultural Revolution
answer
campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation
question
Tiananmen Square/ Causes
answer
Death of Hu Yaobang -many deaths, corruption of Chinese government
question
Korean War
answer
conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea, United Nations/United States helped South Korea
question
Apartheid
answer
the former policy of racial segregation and oppression in the Republic of South Africa
question
Nelson Mandela
answer
President of South Africa, spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid, received the Nobel Peace Prize
question
F.W. de Klerk
answer
elected as the last white South African president, he legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison, this started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid
question
AIDS
answer
disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles
question
Castro
answer
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba
question
Fundamentalism
answer
the interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth
question
Arab Isreali Conflict
answer
conflict that began in 1948 over the land once know as Palastine, now known as Isreal
question
Intifada
answer
"The Uprising" against Israel by some Palestinians Arabs
question
Ayatollah Khomeini
answer
Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers
question
Iran Iraq War
answer
the war began when Iraq invaded Iran in 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of influence on Iran's Islamic revolution
question
Taliban
answer
fundamentalist Muslim group, gained power, restored order, but imposed an extreme form of Islam on Afghanistan, supported al-Qaeda
question
War on Terror
answer
Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world
question
9-11
answer
terrorist attacks in NYC, Washington DC, and Pennsylvania made by the "al Qaeda"
