World History II Sol Review – Flashcards
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Jesus
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1. Christianity 2. The son of god 3. Teachings and life are found in New testament
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Torah
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1. Sacred text of the Jews
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Muhammad
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1. Prophet of Islam
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Five Pillars
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1. Profession of Faith 2. Fast during Ramadan 3. Go on a Hajj to Mecca 4. Alms to the poor 5. Pray 5 times a day
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Monotheism
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Belief in one god
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Koran (Qu'aran)
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Holy book of Islam
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Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
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Founder of Buddhism
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Four Noble Truths
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Main belief of Buddhism Life is suffering
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Eightfold Path
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Follow to reach Nirvana
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Caste System
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Strict division of classes in Hinduism
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Reincarnation
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Belief that your soul will be reborn based on your Karma (in Buddhism and Hinduism)
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Renaissance
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Means re-birth Start of modern Era Spread from Italy to Northern Europe
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Michelangelo
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Painted the Sistine Chapel Ceiling and sculpted David
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Ultimate Renaissance Man Painted Last Supper and Mona Lisa
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Shakespeare
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Wrote plays and sonnets during the Renaissance
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Humanism
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Revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture Erasmus = father of ______ Celebrate humans potential
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Erasmus
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A humanist, wrote In Praise of Folly
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Reformation
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Attempts to reform the Catholic Church.
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Martin Luther
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Founder of Protestants, Salvation by Faith alone, Importance of the bible (in the vernacular)
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95 Theses
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Martin Luther's main ideas Starts the Reformation
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John Calvin
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Faith reveled by living a righteous life, expansion of protestant movement, followers were Calvinists
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Huguenots
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French Protestants
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Predestination
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John Calvin's main idea God has pre-determined everything
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Henry VIII
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English King, became head of Anglican church, wanted a divorce, made church property his
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Queen Elizabeth I
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Tolerance for dissenters, head of Anglican Church. Religiously tolerant Victory of Spanish Armada Expansion and colonialism
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Reformation in Germany
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a.Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of Pope b.Hapsburg Family remained loyal to Catholic Church c.Conflict led to 30 years war
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Reformation in France
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a.Catholic kings gave Protestants freedom to worship - Edict of Nantes b.Cardinal Richelieu changes focus of 30 yrs war from religious to political
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Thirty Years War
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Devestating war between Protestants and Catholics.
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Anglican Church
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Protestant Church in England Led by Eliz I started by Henry VIII
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Edict of Nantes
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Allowed Huguenots to practice their religion. A sense of Freedom of religion, later revoked
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Counter Reformation
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a.An attempt of the Catholic Church to reform b.Use of the Inquisition c.Council of Trent - reaffirms practices and doctrine
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Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
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a.Founded during the Catholic Counter Reformation b.Used to spread Catholicism around the world.
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Gutenberg Printing Press
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a.Used to spread ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance b.First documented printed was the Bible c.Led to the growth of literacy (people knowing how to read)
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Factors leading to exploration
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a.Demand for goods/spices/natural resources b.Spread of Christianity, political/economic competition in Europe c.Innovations in navigation (Europe and Muslim), Prince Henry the Navigator
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Vasco da Gama
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Portuguese, Rounded Cape of Good Hope in Africa
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Christopher Columbus
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Spain, "found" the new world
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Hernando Cortez
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Spain, conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. Conquestador
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Spain, First to circumnavigate the globe
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Fransisco Pizzarro
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Spain, Conquered the Inca in South America
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Francis Drake
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English, First man to survive circum-navigating the globe
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Jacques Cartier
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French, explored Canada
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Founded a school to teach navigation
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Spread/diffusion of Christianity
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Migration of colonists/influence of colonists who brought faith, language, culture to new lands. Conversion of native people
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Impact of discovery of Americas
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a.End of Aztecs and Incas b.European emigration/rigid class structure and dictatorial rule in Lat. Am. c.Colonies imitate culture/social patterns of parent countries d.Forced migration of enslaved Africans
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Impact of discovery on Africa
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European trading posts on coasts Slaves, gold, resources
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Impact of discovery on Asia
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Colonization by small group of merchants, Influence of trading compaines
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Trading Companies
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Founded by British, Dutch, French Were in Indies and in China
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Columbian Exchange
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a.An exchange of products and resources between the eastern and western hemispheres b.Corn(maize), Potatoes, and Tobacco were introduced to Europe c.European horses and Cattle were introduced to the Americas d.ALSO- diseases!!
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Impact of Columbian Exchange
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a.Shortage of labor led to use of slaves (based on race) b.European plantation system in Caribbean/Americas destroyed native economies/environment
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Triangle Trade
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a.Linked Europe, Africa, and America b.Slaves, sugar and rum c.Gold and silver exported to Europe and Asia d.Spain's economy collapses after importing so much gold/silver
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China
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Creation of spheres of influence by foreign powers for trade/resources Increase in demands for goods (tea, porcelin)
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Shogun
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Japan, Military leader who controlled a powerless emporer
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Isolationism
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policy of a country trying to limit foreign influences. (Japan)
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Ottoman Empire
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a.In Central Asia, expands to Asia, Balkans, North Africa b.Capital- Istanbul (Constantinople) c.Islamic religion, accepted others d.Coffee and ceramic
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Mughal Empire
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North India, Islam, Taj Mahal, Establishment of trading posts by Europeans, textiles important to GB. Traded silk/spices/gems
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Mercantilism
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An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers Colonies exist to benefit the mother country
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Commercial Revolution
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Overseas trade, new banking and money systems, use of mercantilism
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Nicolas Copernicus
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Heliocentric theory
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Johannes Kepler
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Discovered planets move in eliptical orbits The laws of planetary motion
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Galileo
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Telescope used to prove Heliocentric Theory
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Isaac Newton
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Discovered laws of gravity
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William Harvey
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Discovered the circulation of blood
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Scientific Revolution
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Expanded scientific knowledge, development of the scientific method, empahsis on reason and systematic observation of the future
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Divine Right
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Absolute monarchs believed god chose them
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Louis XIV
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France, Palace of Versailles-symbol of royal power
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Frederick the Great
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Prussia, Military Power, helped support education
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Peter the Great
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Russia, Westernizing of Rusisia, St. Petersburg
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Charles I
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English King who was beheaded Led to the English Civil War
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Oliver Cromwell
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Led England as Lord-not King.
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Charles II
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Restored to the British throne
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Glorious Revolution
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William and Mary take the throne No bloodshed Sign the English Bill of Rights 1689
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English Bill of Rights
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Reduced the power of the monarch Increased the power of the Parliament
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Enlightenment
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Applied reason to the human world Stimulated religious tolerance Fueled the American and French Revolution
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Thomas Hobbes
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The Leviathan State must have central authority-Absolutism
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John Locke
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Two Treatises on Government Life, Liberty, and Property Government gets its power fromthe consent of the people
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Montesquieu
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The Spirit of the Laws Seperation of Powers
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Voltaire
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Religious toleration, Seperation of Church and State
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Jefferson
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Declaration of Independence author, used Enlightenment ideas
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US constitution and Bill of Rights
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Untied States used enlightenment ideas for these two important documents (not including declaration)
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Louis XVI
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Monarch that was overthrown in the French Revolution
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Events of the French Rev.
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Storming of the Bastille-started rev. Reign of Terror
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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Former slave who led independence movements in Haiti. Defeated armies of Spain, France, and Britain
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Simon Bolivar
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He led an independence movement in South America
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Mexican Independence
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Started by Father Hildago
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Colonial systems in Latin America
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Governments mirrored home govs. Catholic, mining econ, Cities outposts for trade (Havana, Mexico City, Lima)
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Class Structure of Latin America
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Viceroys/colonial officials Creoles and Mestizos
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Monroe Doctrine
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US President Monroe 1823 issues this, Latin America independent, US would consider European interference a threat to US of A.
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Bach
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Baroque music composer
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Mozart
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Classical music composer
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Eugene Delacroix
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Painter, Liberty Leading the People
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Miguel Cervantes
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Wrote the first novel Don Quixote
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Technology changes 16th-18th centuries
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All-weathered roads for better travel, New farm tools increase productivity, improvements in ship design lowre costs of transportation
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Napoleon
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Leader of France, Built up the French Empire, Created the Napoleonic Code, Strong Nationalism
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Congress of Vienna
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"Balance of Power", Restoration of monarchs, New political map of Europe, new political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism)
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GB reform in 1800s
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Avoided revolution by expanding political rights, Made slavery illegal by the British empire
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Count Cavour
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Unified northern Italy through diplomatic treaties
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Unified Southern Italy with his red shirts through war
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Otto von Bismarck
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Unified Germany (Franco-Prussian war) Was a Realpolitik
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Realpolitik
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Someone who justifies all means to achieve adn hold power
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Industrial Revolution
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1. Began in England (resources) and invention of steam engine 2. Spread to US and Europe 3. Cotton, textile, iron, steel 4. Rise of factory system, end of cottage industry 5. Need for control of materials/markets worldwide
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James Hargreaves
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Spinning Jenny
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James Watt
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Steam engine
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Eli Whitney
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Cotton Gin
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Henry Bessemer
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Process for making strong steel
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Edward Jenner
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Small-Pox vaccine
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Louis Pasteur
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Discovered bacteria
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Impacts of Industrial Rev.
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a.Population increase, growth of middle class, standard of living increases for many b.Improved transportation, education c.Urbanization, pollution d.Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
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Adam Smith
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Wrote Wealth of Nations Capitalism
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Capitalism
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Market controlled economy Can lead to dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and unequal distribution of wealth
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Karl Marx
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Wrote Communist Manifesto and Das Capital (with Friedrich Engels)
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Socialism/Communism
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Response to injustices of capitalism. Importance of redistribution of wealth
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Factory System
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Replaced cottage system Men competed for jobs against women/children Child Labor
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Impact of Inustrial Rev.
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Increased demand for slave labor-cotton gin Britain and US outlaw slave trade then slavery Women and children work for cheap Reforms to end child labor, expand education, increased demand for women's suffrage
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Labor Unions
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a.Encouraged strikes to demand wages & better working conditions b.Lobby for laws to protect the worker c.More rights for workers
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Imperialsim
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a.When a European nation took over a nation in Africa, Asia, or South America for Europe's benefit b.Could be colonies, protectorates, or spheres of influence
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Imperialism in Africa/Asia
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European domination, conflicts, missionary efforts Suez canal, spheres of influence (China), East India Company, US opening Japan to trade
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Response of Colonized Peoples
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Armed conflicts (Boxer rebellion), rise of nationalism (Indian National Congress)
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Causes of WWI
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Alliances, Nationalism, diplomatic failures, imperialism, miltarism, competiton over colonies
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ARchduke Franz Ferdinand
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Assassinated to begin WWI
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Woodrow Wilson
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US President 14 Points for Peace (Leauge of Nations)
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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German ruler in WWI
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Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire
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Central Powers in WWI
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Russia, US, Britain, and France
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Allied Powers in WWI
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Treaty of Versailles
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Harsh Treaty that ended WWI Made Germany accept guilt for the war and pay huge reparations
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Causes of Russian Rev.
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Defeat in Russo-Japanese War 1905, landless peasants, military defeats/casualties in WWI Incompetence of Nicholas II, all led to..
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Bolshevik Revolution
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When Vladimir Lenin and the Communists take over Russia
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New Economic Policy (NEP)
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Lenin's idea to better Russia's economy
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Joseph Stalin
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Brutal Totalitarian Dictator (Great Purge), 5-year plans, Collectivization of Farms
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League of Nations
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Wilson's idea to help prevent future wars, US not a member, Did not have power to enforce decisions
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Mandate System
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Britain adn France would control areas in Middle East, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Division of Ottoman Empire sets stage for future conflicts in the Middle East
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World Wide Depression
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Causes: German reparations, excessive credit, stock market crash of 1929 Impacts: high unemployment, bank failures, and collapse of credit/trade, rise of Nazis
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Nazi Party
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In Germany, Led by Hitler, Blamed the Jewish people for all problems
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Adolf Hitler
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Leader of Germany, Nazi, Wanted tol expand Germany
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Benito Mussolini
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Fascism, Restore the glory of ancient Rome, Invaded Ethiopia
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Hirohito adn Hideki Tojo
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Militaristic in Japan, Expanded Japan into Manchuria, China, and Korea for materials
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Causes of WWII
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Aggression (Italy, Germany, Japan), and Appeasement Nationalism, Failure of Treaty of Versailles, weakeness of Leauge of Nations
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Pearl Harbor
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Japanese attack, Makes USA enter the war
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D-Day
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Allied invasion of France
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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US President for most of WWII
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Harry Truman
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US president after FDR, decided to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Allied commander in Europe, planned D-Day.
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Douglas MacArthur
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US general in the Pacific, monitored the rebuilding of Japan
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George Marshall
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US General, created plan for rebuilding Europe (Marshall plan)
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Winston Churchill
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British Prime Minister
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Genocide
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Systematic destruction of a political, religious, racial, or culture group. Armenians, Great Purge, Tutsi by Hutu, Pol Pot
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Holocaust
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History of anti-Semitism in Europe, totalitarianism combined with nationalism, WWI and depression blamed on German Jews, Hitler's Master Race, Final Solution: concentration/death camps
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Marshall Plan
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Economic Recovery Package for Europe
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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Major events of WWII
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Germany invades Poland, Soviet Union Fall of France, Battle of Briatin, D-Day Pearl Harbor, dropped atomic bombs
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Warsaw Pact
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Communism and Totalitarianism
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Division of Germany
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Germany divided between the Allies and the Soviets East (Soviet controlled) adn West (democratic) Germany
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Reconstruction of Japan
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Occupied by US (MacArthur), reduction of military Democracy, emergnece as a dominant economy
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Containment
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Policy for preventing the expansion of communism
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Chiang Kai-Shek
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Leader of Nationalist China Fled to the Island of Taiwan
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Mao Zedong
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Leader of Communist China
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Korean War
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Divided at 37th parallel N. Korea (communist) invaded S. Korea UN under Marshall intervenes. China helps N. Korea
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Ho Chi Minh
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Leader of communists in Vietnam
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Vietnam
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Vietnam divided N. Vietnam communist under Ho Chi Minh US involvement (ultimately failed) Vietnam a reunited communist country today
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End of Cold War
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Tearing down of Berlin Wall in 1989 Soviet economic collapse, breakup of Soviet Union Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries, expansion of NATO
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Mohandas Gandhi
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Leader of Indian independence movement Civil Disobedience and Passive resistance
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Indira Gandhi
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Closer relationship between India and USSR during the Cold War Developed nuclear program
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Indian Independence
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Formeryly ruled by Britain Indian National Congress, Mohandes Gandhi (Civil disobedience) Political divisions along Hindu-Muslim lines (Pakistan/India)
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Republic of India
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World's largest democracy, federal system of government Jawaharlal Nehru-western style industrialization, new econ. development
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Kenyatta
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Leader of Kenyan nationalist group Became the leader of Kenya
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Nelson Mandela
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Led struggle against apartheid, became first black prez. of South Africa
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Golda Meir
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Prime minister of Israel Sought support of US Led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War
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Gamal Abdul Nasser
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President of Egypt Nationalized Suez Canal, relationship with USSR Aswan High Dam
