World History Chapter 29: World War I – Flashcards
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What were 3 causes of World War I?
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1. rise of nationalism 2. rise of imperialism 3. rise of militarism
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What is nationalism?
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devotion to one's nation
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What did European resources compete for?
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resources and land
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What did ethnic groups demand from larger countries?
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independence
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What is imperialism?
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competition for colonies while attempting to develop empires
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What increased military tensions?
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European arms race between Great Britain and Germany
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What is militarism?
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policy of glorifying military power
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In 1864, why did Otto von Bismarck go to war?
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unify Germany
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Who did Otto von Bismarck believe was Germany's greatest threat?
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France
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What did Otto von Bismarck form to protect Germany?
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Triple Alliance
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Which countries were part of the Triple Alliance?
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1. Germany 2. Austria-Hungary 3. Italy
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Who forced Otto von Bismarck to resign in 1890?
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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What did Kaiser Wilhelm II do to prove to the world how powerful Germany was?
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allowed Germany's treaty with Russia to end
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What did Russia do in 1892 as a response to Germany forming the Triple Alliance?
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formed an alliance with France
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Why was Russia's alliance with France significant?
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it would force Germany to fight a two front war with Russia and France
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What did Germany do as a response to Russia forming an alliance with France?
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increased the size of the navy equal to that of Great Britain
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When Germany increased the size of their navy, what did that encourage Great Britain to do?
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Great Britain joined the alliance with Russia and France forming the Triple Entente
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Which countries were members of the Triple Entente?
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1. France 2. Russia 3. Great Britain
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What did Austria do in 1908 increasing tensions with Serbia?
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took over Bosnia
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Who was shot in 1914 by a Serbian Nationalist?
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heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Who shot Franz Ferdinand?
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Gavrilo Princip, member of the Black Hand
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Who were the Black Hand?
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Serbian Nationalists committed to taking Bosnia back from Austria
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What happened when Franz Ferdinand was shot?
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Austria declared war with Serbia
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How were the alliances affected by the shooting of Franz Ferdinand?
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set off a chain reaction with the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente
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What did Russia do affect the shooting of Franz Ferdinand?
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Russia, an ally with Serbia, declared war on Austria
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How did Germany respond to Russia declaring war on Austria?
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Germany, an ally with Austria, declared war on Russia and France
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Which countries were the Central Powers of World War I?
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1. Germany 2. Austria-Hungary 3. Bulgaria 4. Ottoman Empire
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Which countries were the Allied Powers of World War I?
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1. Great Britain 2. France 3. Russia 4. United States 5. Japan 6. Italy
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What did World War I turn into along France?
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bloody stalemate
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What was the Western Front?
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battlefields along France and Germany
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What was Germany's Schlieffen Plan?
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1. attacking and defeating France in the West quickly 2. rushing east to fight Russia
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Why did Germany choose to fight France first?
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Russia lagged behind in railroad construction which would take them longer to gather supplies
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Who won the Battle of the Marne River?
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France
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After France won the Battle of the Marne River, what did Russia do?
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invaded Germany forcing Germany to fight a two front war
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What did soldiers do to protect themselves from enemy fire?
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dug trenches
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What was No Man's Land?
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battlefield between the opposing trenches
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What were the new military weapons of World War I?
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1. poison gas 2. machine gun 3. tanks 4. submarines
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What was the peak on the battle of Western Front in 1916?
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Battle of the Somme each side lost over 300,000 soldiers
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What was the Eastern Front?
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battlefields along Russia and Germany
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Was Russia more powerful than Austria?
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Yes
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Was Russia more powerful than Germany?
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No
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What was Russia main advantage?
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large population of soldiers
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By 1916, how did Russia lack of industry affect them?
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soldiers were short on food, ammunition, and supplies
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Why were the Allies unable to get supplies to the Russian soldiers?
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German submarines
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What was introduced in World War I that was used to spy the opposition?
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aviation warfare
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What did Germany introduce in 1917?
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unrestricted submarine warfare
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What was unrestricted submarine warfare?
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Germany would sink any ship without warning in the waters surrounding Great Britain
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What was the goal of unrestricted submarine warfare?
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Germany would starve Great Britain into defeat before the United States could mobilize for war
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What was the Zimmerman Note of 1917?
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Germany promised to help Mexico conquer some of its land back from the United States if they support Germany's war efforts
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What were the 5 reasons that the United States entered World War I?
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1. unrestricted submarine warfare 2. allied propaganda 3. hostility towards Germany for invading Belgium 4. American economic interests 5. Zimmerman Note threatening national security
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What does it mean when World War I becomes a total war?
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countries devoted all of their resources to the war effort
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How did nations make World War I a total war?
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1. factories produced war supplies 2. citizen was put to work 3. rationing food for soldiers 4. suppressed antiwar activity 5. censored news about the war 6. used propaganda to support the war
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What did women do to support World War I?
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1. replaced men in the factories 2. worked on the front lines as nurses
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What did Russia do in 1917 as a result to a shortage of food and supplies?
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surrendered to Germany
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What was the Treaty of Brest-LItovsk?
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Russia surrendering to Germany
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What did Russia's withdrawal from the war allow Germany to do?
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mobilize all of its forces to the Western Front
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What happened that caused Germany to loose at the Second Battle of the Marne River even though Russia withdrew from the war?
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United States entered the war
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What happened in 1918 after the United States entered World War I?
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Germany surrendered to the Allies ending World War I
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Who were the Big Four leaders at the Treaty of Versailles in 1919?
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1. Woodrow Wilson - United States 2. George Clemenceau - France 3. David Lloyd George - Great Britain 4. Vittorio Orlando - Italy
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What were Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points?
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his expectations for lasting world peace
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What were Wilson's first four points?
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1. end to secret treaties 2. freedom of the seas 3. free trade 4. reduced national armies and navies
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What was Wilson's fifth point?
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adjustment of colonial claims
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What did Wilson's points 6-13 suggest?
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changing borders and creating new nations
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What did Wilson's 14th point suggest?
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general association of nations to protect small nations (League of Nations)
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What were the effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany?
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1. placed severe restrictions on Germany's military 2. Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies 3. All German territories in Africa and the Pacific would be governed by the Allies 4. war-guilt clause
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What was the War-Guilt Clause?
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sole responsibility of war on Germany
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What countries was the Austrian-Hungarian empire broken up into?
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1. Czechoslovakia 2. Austria 3. Hungary 4. Yugoslavia
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What countries was the Ottoman Empire broken up into under British control?
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1. Palestine 2. Iraq 3. Transjordan
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What countries did France control from the Ottoman Empire?
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1. Syria 2. Lebanon
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In Russia, which countries became independent nations after World War I?
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1. Finland 2. Estonia 3. Latvia 4. Lithuania
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How did the United States Congress react to the Treaty of Versailles?
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Congress rejected Wilson's fourteen points
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Why did Congress reject Wilson's fourteen points?
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Congress believed that the America's best chance for peace was staying out of European affairs
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Which countries believed they gained less territory at the end of World War I?
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Japan and Italy
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Why was the League of Nations unable to negotiate peace with world powers?
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United States did not join the League of Nations
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What decision did the United States make that paved the way for World War II?
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follow a policy of isolationism and not join the League of Nations
