World History chapter 11-12 – Flashcards
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What does Renaissance mean?
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"Rebirth"
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What is the renewed focus on man's capacity?
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humanism
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Renaissance vs. Medieval
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Renaissance gloried in the past and lived with enthusiasm; Medieval fixed their thoughts on the future joys of heaven
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The Renaissance emphasized what?
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Human individuality, ability, and dignity
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Did the Renaissance humanism abandon belief in God?
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No
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The new course of study ________ became popular in the west; Also known as the liberal arts
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humanities
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Those who studied the liberal arts were known as ________
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Humanists
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What was the goal of Renaissance education?
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To develop well-rounded individuals.
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They stimulated a _______ of the classical age.
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"rebirth"
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The Renaissance education renewed what?
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Study of Greek and Latin as languages
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What city was the birthplace of the Renaissance?
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Florence, Italy
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What were commissioned artists with their wealth?
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patrons
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Who were the Medici Family?
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They were the most famous patrons, besides the church; gained political control over Florence
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Who was the most notable and most generous patron of the Medici Family?
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Lorenzo de Medici (During his rule, Florence became the most influential city)
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Who revived interest in the study of classical literature?
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Petrarch (Pioneer of the Renaissance)
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Who wrote a book on etiquette?
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Castiglione
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What was the book of etiquette called?
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The Courtier
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What did Machiavelli write; what was it about?
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The Prince; Reflects upon the political conditions of his day
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Who was the leading advocate of the church reform and wrote the Praise of Folly?
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Erasmus
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Who was an English humanist who wrote a book on his views of an ideal government; what was the book called?
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More; Utopia
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Who invented the movable-type printing; what was his greatest achievement?
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Gutenburg; Gutenburg Bible
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Who was a Spanish humanist that wrote a book making fun of chivalry; what was this book called?
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Cervantes; Don Quixote
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Who was the greatest playwright of ALL time; Became the master of character Portrayal?
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Shakespeare
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What were some things the greatest playwright wrote?
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Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth (Many more)
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Renaissance artists drew their inspiration from the __________________
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Classical world
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They broke with the artistic traditions of the Middle Ages in what ways?
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1. Emphasized the present physical world 2. Secular patrons supported artists 3. Wanted to be praised because of their work 4. Gave realistic, 3-D aspects to their works 5. Painted kings, merchants, other secular officials 6. Painting and sculpture were most popular media
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Who was the most famous painter of the early Italian Renaissance; Known as the Father of the Renaissance
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Giotto di Bondone
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What were frescoes; Who was the first person to do these?
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Paintings on wet plaster; Giotto di Bondone
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Who added movement to Renaissance art?
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Sandro Botticielli
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Who started shading to make 3-dimensional effects in paintings?
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Masaccio
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Who was a Dominican friar that sought to bring moral reform to Florence and to the Roman Church?
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Girolamo Savonarola
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Who was the best example of the so-called Renaissance man; what were some of his greatest works?
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Leonardo da Vinci; Mona Lisa and The Last Supper (Love of Balance)
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Where did Raphael's interest begin?
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at home; his father was a painter
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Raphael is most known for in his paintings of what; what was a famous painting by him?
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sweet-faced Madonnas in motherhood; The School of Athens (great philosophers of ancient world)
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Who is one of the most famous artists in all of history and apprenticed to a Florentine artist, Pieta?
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Michelangelo
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What were some of Michelangelo's most famous works?
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David (17 foot marble statue) and Sistine Chapel (5,800 square foot ceiling)
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Who was the leading figure of the Venetian school of painting?
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Titian
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What does Tintoretto mean?
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Little dyer
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Who was the "Leonardo of the North?"
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Durer
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Who was considered the finest portrait painter of the Northern Renaissance?
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Holbein
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Who was one of the founders of the Flemish school of painting?
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Eyck
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What is genre paintings; Who was best remembered for this?
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Painting that depicts senses of everyday life; Brueghel
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Who won a competition in which he was able to paint doors that depicted the NT stories?
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Ghilberti
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Who designed for the construction of the dome for the Cathedral of Florence?
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Brunellechi
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What was the most prominent type of musical composition during the early Middle Ages?
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plainsong of Gregorian chant
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Who was one of the leading figures in music during the early Renaissance?
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Depres
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What are unaccompanied Latin songs that combined different melodies and words with plainsong melody?
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motets
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What were lighthearted songs that set secular lyric poems to must?
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Chansons
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Who was the most famous composer of church music during the Renaissance
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Palestrina
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What is the consisting of many melodies; who was the master of it?
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polyphonic; Palestrina
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What are the positive consequences of the Renaissance?
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1. Provoked a spirit of inquiry 2. Revived interest in literature and languages of antiquity 3. Developed movable-type printing 4. Made education more available to the common person 5. Stressed importance of the individuals
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What are the negative consequences of the Renaissance?
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1. Secular emphasis weakened moral restraints 2. Led to the worship of classical ideas instead of the God of the Bible
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Who was the "Morning star of the Reformation; What was his most famous work?
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Wycliffe; Wycliffe Bible (first complete English translation of the Bible)
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What is recant?
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To renounce your beliefs
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Who was condemned to die at the stake of the Council of Constance; Had a famous quote: "I shall die with joy today in the faith of the gospel which I have preached"
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Huss
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Who was Martin Luther?
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He was inseparably linked to the Reformation period; Started in the monastery, found out that justification was by faith alone. Basically started the spiritual awakening.
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Ninety-Five Thesis
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Written by Luther; October 31, 1517; Symbol of defiance against the corruption and hypocrisy of Rome; All saints day (Nov. 1)
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What granted pardons from the punishment of sins?
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Indulgences
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Who sent out indulgences to help complete the building of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome?
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Pope Leo X
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Who was one of the people who collected money for these indulgences?
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Tetzel
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What was the theory gaining heaven by merit?
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Treasury of saints
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What was the Leipzig Debate?
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Three-week debate; Eck vs. Luther; Question of the authority in the church
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What happened in the Diet of Worms?
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They were trying to make Luther recant, he didn't get killed, but he was considered an outlaw?
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What does it mean to be considered an outlaw?
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It is when you can kill the outlaw without getting arrested or punished for it
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Who was the emperor of the time they were going to make Luther condemned?
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Charles V
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What are a few things Luther made?
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Shorter Catechisms, Mighty fortress of our God, Augsburg Confession
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What was the key doctrine to the Reformation movement?
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"Scripture alone, faith alone, grace alone!"
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Zurich; Who wrote the Sixty-seven Conclusions?
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Zwingli
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Who were the Swiss Brethren who didn't believe in infant baptism or the separation of church and state?
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Anabaptists (baptize again)
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What is it when Anabaptists believed that a Christian should not take up arms against anyone?
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Pacifism
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Who was John Calvin?
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He was 2nd to Martin Luther; Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion, sovereignty of God; Became pastor in Geneva
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Where was the leading center of the Reformation?
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Geneva
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The English Reformation was influenced by what to factors?
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Translations of the Bible and English rulers
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Why did Henry VIII break with the Roman Catholic Church?
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Because since Catherine wasn't able to give him a boy, he wanted to divorce with her and go to Anne; since they didn't give him his wishes, he decided to break away from the church.
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Members of the ______ Dynasty occupied the throne in England
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Tudor
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Why didn't the church let Henry VIII divorce Catherine of Aragon; Who allowed him to divorce her?
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Because she was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella (very powerful in Spain); Related to Charles V; Political; Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury
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What famous book contains Bible readings and prayers for special occasions; Under whose rule was it made; who wrote it?
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Book of Common Prayers; Edward VI; Cranmer
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Who tried to eliminate Protestantism in England; Who were her main victims?
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Mary I; bloody Mary; Latimer, Ridle, Cranmer (caved, he ended up dying anyway, burned his hand first)
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Under whose rule does England become the strongest country; what was their nickname?
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Elizabeth I; Good Queen Bess
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Spanish Armada
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Elizabeth I vs. Philip II; 1588; Philip II lost! Spanish had #1 army soon, but it soon declined very quickly
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What were some of the significant impacts of the Spanish Armada?
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1. English victory preserved England from becoming Catholic 2. Established England as #1 sea power
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Who wanted to purify the church of England from within?
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Puritans
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Who wanted to remove themselves from the church
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Separatists
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Who was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland?
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Knox
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Protestants of the Netherlands fought under who?
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William the Silent
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Who were French Protestants?
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Huguenots
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St. Batholomew's Day Massacre
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Catherine de Medici; 20,000 Huguenots murdered!
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Who was the head of the Bourbon family and the leader of the Huguenots?
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Boubon
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What is the Edict of Nantes?
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When Henry of Navarre changed to Catholic; He still wanted his fellow Huguenots to be happy so he established this. Granted a certain toleration
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Bouron vs. ______
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Guise (Henry IV) Henry won (Catholic)
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Counter Reformation
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Same thing as Catholic; counter=oppose; opposing Protestant things of Europe
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What was the instrumental in promoting the Counter Reform?
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Jesuits
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Who was the Jesuits founded by?
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Loyola
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Who believed "guilty until proven innocent?"
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Pope Paul III
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What did the Index of Prohibited Books do?
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Regulated what the church members could read; 48 editions of the Bible
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What was the significance to the Council of Trent?
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Sealed the break between Catholism and Protestantism
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What was the most popular instrument of the Renaissance?
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lute
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What country did the Reformation begin in?
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Germany
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What humanist wrote, "it is much safer to be feared than loved?" Where is this quote found?
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Machiavelli, The Prince
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Who were the followers of Wycliffe?
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Lollards
