WHH Chapter 15&16 – Flashcards
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Mercenary
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a soldier who fights primarily for pay
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Burgher
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a member of the middle class who lived in a city or town
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Humanism
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an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history
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Fresco
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painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints
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Perspective
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artistic techniques used to give the effect of three-dimensional depth to two-dimensional surfaces; viewpoint
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Christian humanism
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a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church
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Salvation
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the state of being saved through faith alone or through faith and good works
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Indulgence
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a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death
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Justification
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the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God
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Predestination
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belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)
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Annul
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declare invalid
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Ghetto
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formerly a district in a city in which Jews were required to live
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Medici
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underwrote Renaissance art and were Florentine bankers who had an influence on government; were rich and powerful
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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was a diplomat/historian who wrote "the Prince" ; believed it was better to be feared than loved
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Castiglione Baldassare
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diplomat/writer who wrote the Book Of the Courtier
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Francesco Petrarch
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"father of Renaissance" who brought intellectual movement of Renaissance and literature of ancient Greece and Rome back
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Johannes Gutenberg
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made Printing Press which increased literary rates, made books cheaper, and educated people
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Leonardo da Vinci
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"Renaissance Man" painter, sculptor, engineer, architect, scientist, used science to enhance paintings; mad the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and Vetruvian Man
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Michelangelo
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artist who made David, the Sistine Chapel (the Creation of Man), and designed St. Peter's Basilica
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Raphael
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hired by the pope to beautify the Vatican and was famous for paintings of the Madonna
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Jan van Eyck
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Flemish school painter; painted Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Dutch scholar; believed that Christianity existed in harmony with ancient civilizations; believed morality could be reached through proper education
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Martin Luther
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wrote 95 Theses, had inner faith in God, lawyer turned monk, disagreed with the selling of indulgences,was excommunicated, translated the Bible into German, and made Lutheranism
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Charles V
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preserved empire through unity in Catholicism
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Ulrich Zwingli
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Swiss reformer, wanted to change church and didn't like Luther's ideas, his ideas inspired Calvinism
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John Calvin
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started Calvinism; made predestination; agreed with Luther on salvation; replaced Lutheranism as most important Protestant denomination
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Henry VIII
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there was a break between 1529-1536 for the Church; he was denied a divorce from Catherine of Aragon; made Church of England with him as head(defender of faith); had 6 wives that he divorced until he had a boy(Edward)
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Mary I
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first reigning queen of England ; wanted to make country Catholic again; Married Philip II of Spain(leader of counter Reformation); burned nearly 300 ppl at the stake for not conforming to Catholicism
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Ignatius de Loyola
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started the Jesuits, found good colleges, and believed that salvation= self discipline and good deeds; recog. by Pope John II
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Pope Paul III
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started Reform Commission (1535); this led to the Council of Trent
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Briefly summarize what the Renaissance was.
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It means "rebirth"; there was urban-oriented society, renewed interest in Greek and Roman literature, and emphasis on the individual. There was no central power but thriving trade; humanism and education were important, the printing press was created. Renaissance & medieval art, and northern european and italian artists
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What were the 5 major Italian states during the Renaissance?
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Malan, Venice, Florence, Rome(Papal States), and Napals
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What contributed to the rise of the Italian states during the Renaissance?
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thriving trade, no central power, and struggle for power between France & Spain
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How did Machiavelli's work influence political power in the Western world?
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by saying it's better to be feared than loved and by writing "the Prince"
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According to Castiglione, how were nobles supposed to live their lives?
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Nobles had to practice arts and spend their money on education
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How did humanism help define the Renaissance?
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there was intellectual movement and there was literature of ancient Greece and Rome
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What elements of humanism were incorporated into formal education?
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the subjects (literature, history) , school, books, reading, and the language people spoke, less focus on religion
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Describe Renaissance Art. How did it differ from previous art movements?
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Renaissance art was realistic, 3D, less religious, and colorful; previous art movements were more religious, there were ppl in it, and it had dull colors
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How did the works of northern European artists differ from those of Italian artists?
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Italian artists painted people, were religious, made sculptures and were architectural. Northern European artists were from Flanders, perfected oils on canvas
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How did Christian humanism and Desiderius Erasmus pave the way for the Protestant Reformation
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Erasmus sought reform within the Catholic Church. His intention was not to have people break away from it. His ideas prepared the way for the Reformation.
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Explain the Renaissance Church's moral issues.
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Officials in the Church used power to advance career/gain wealth; Popes acted as political leaders & warriors; Priests engaged in vice & misconduct; Salvation was tied to veneration of relics.
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What role did Martin Luther play in the Reformation?
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He made the beginnings of Protestantism which effected politics in the German Reformation. Popes power was decreased and German rulers supported him. He wrote 95 theses.
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What did Charles V hope to accomplish by going to war against the Protestants?
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change his ideas
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Why was the Holy Roman Empire forced to seek peace with the Lutheran princes?
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They formed state churches supervised by the government
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How did John Calvin's ideas differ from Martin Luther's ideas? How were they similar?
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Calvin made Calvinism. Luther made Lutheranism. Calvin believed in predestination and replaced lutheranism as most important Protestant denomination. Luther disagrred with the selling of indulgences. They both wanted to change the Church.
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What made the English reformation different from the Reformation in the rest of Europe?
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It was rooted in politics and there was much change. Divorce was created.
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Why did both Catholics and Protestants consider Anabaptists dangerous radicals?
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their political and religious beliefs threatened the society.
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How did the Reformation affect European society?
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it affected education, politics, and the religion. People wanted to become more intelligent and national governments had increased power. The pope had decreased power.
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How did the Jesuits, Reform Commission, and Council of Trent help to revitalize Catholicism?
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The Jesuits made salvation = self discipline and doing good deeds. The Reform Commission made the Renaissane popes' corruption led to Reformation. The Council of Trent brought salvation, the 7 sacraments, and forbade indulgences.
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What does Renaissance mean?
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rebirth
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What did the major italian states have?
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thriving trade, no central power, and a struggle for power between France and Spain
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What was Niccolo Machiavelli's Prince about?
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advice to rulers, no morality in governing, and importance of the individual
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What was Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier about?
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Explained of nobility, classical education, and interest in arts
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What subjects were the humanities?
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literature, history, poetry, and public studies.. etc.
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What was the effect of the printing press?
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it made books cheaper, literary rates increased, and people got educations
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Flemish school painters?
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painters from Flanders (France/Belgium) and they perfected oils on canvas
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Who are some people of the Protestant Reformation?
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Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses
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Where did the Protestant Reformation begin? about it..
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Germany; weak central government and lack of control over people
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Pope Leo X
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construction of St. peter's Basilica and selling of indulgences
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How did Martin Luther believe you would reach salvation?
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by having inner faith in God
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What were the 95 Theses?
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a list of grievances with the Church that Luther posted on Castle Church in Wittenberg and he did not intend on splitting from Church
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What was Luther's break with the Church?
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Diet of Worms-Luther excommunicated; he was protected by Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and he translated the Bible into German
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What was Lutheranism?
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the beginnings of Protestantism and the Bible became the sole authority of Church; Ministers had no special powers and could guide congregations to true faith; there were 2 sacraments (Baptism and Communion)
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What were the politics in the German Reformation?
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Charles V preserved the empire through unity in Catholicism. There were external wars between France and ottomon empire and there were internal conflicts with princes. The peace of augsburg was made.
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What was the Peace of Augsburg?
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it officially recognized the division in the Church and allowed German princes to choose Catholic or Protestant for their faith
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How did Protestantism spread?
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through calvinism, anglicanism, mary 1, and anabaptism
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What was Calvinism?
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started by John Calvin. It believed in predestination, agreed with Luther on salvation, and replaced Lutheranism as most important Protestant denomination
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What was Anglicanism?
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the church of England. It was led by King Henry I and was the Church of England.
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What was Anabaptism?
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it was the complete separation of church and state. There was adult baptism, each church chose minister from community, and were considered radicals.
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What were the results of the Reformation?
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it shifted from 1 church to many; Education( increase in enrollments in new universities) Reading(Protestants encouraged to read & interpret Bible. Political ( National Gov't increased power and the pope had decreased power.
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What was the Catholic Reformation?
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The Jesuits,Pope Paul III made the Reform Commission which soon led to the Council of Trent
