Question 1

Why did Justinian try to reconquer the western Roman Empire?

Accepted Answer

He sought to revive and reconstruct wholly the old empire.

Question 2

Why did the Romans of Italy and North Africa resent Justinian\'s efforts to \"liberate\" them?

Accepted Answer

There was a heavy cost in taxes and lives.

Question 3

One result of the campaigns of Belisarius in North Africa and Italy was:

Accepted Answer

the weakening of Constantinople against the Sassanids.

Question 4

A pandemic broke out in 541-42 which has come to be known as:

Accepted Answer

the Justinianic Plague.

Question 5

The people who took advantage of the weakness of Italy due to Justinian\'s policies of reconquest were the:

Accepted Answer

Lombards.

Question 6

It is difficult to date the beginning of Byzantine history with precision because:

Accepted Answer

the Byzantine Empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire.

Question 7

The stability of Byzantine government was the product of:

Accepted Answer

an efficient bureaucracy.

Question 8

The Byzantine economy in the early Middle Ages was:

Accepted Answer

highly regulated, including wage and price controls.

Question 9

The early Byzantine religion was known for its:

Accepted Answer

intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy.

Question 10

As a result of the Iconoclastic Controversy:

Accepted Answer

political legitimacy was fundamentally linked to the defense of religious tradition.

Question 11

In the late sixth century C.E., the economy of Arabia:

Accepted Answer

became much more commercially sophisticated as a result of the wars between Byzantium and Persia changing trade routes.

Question 12

Prior to Muhammad beginning to teach his prophecy and his new faith the Arabs:

Accepted Answer

had the concept of Allah as one of several gods.

Question 13

One difference between Islam and Christianity is that:

Accepted Answer

Islam has no sacraments or priests.

Question 14

The armies of Abu-Bakr were able to expand Islam northward out of Arabia largely because of:

Accepted Answer

the weakness of Byzantine and Persian armies because of their wars against each other.

Question 15

Many of the local populations in Byzantium and Persia:

Accepted Answer

viewed the Arab armies as deliverers.

Question 16

An important figure who founded several Merovingian monasteries was:

Accepted Answer

Columbanus.

Question 17

Why were so many convents (monastic houses for women) founded during the seventh century C.E.?

Accepted Answer

Convents met a variety of social and spiritual needs for aristocratic families.

Question 18

Local lords and chieftains often granted monasteries special privileges:

Accepted Answer

because monasteries often played a key role in economic development and prosperity in a region.

Question 19

Pope Gregory I:

Accepted Answer

significantly advanced Benedictine monasticism as the major monastic movement in the West.

Question 20

Byzantine monasteries were deeply involved in the Iconoclastic Controversy because:

Accepted Answer

they were major producers of icons, so they supported the use of images in the faith.

Question 21

As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne:

Accepted Answer

took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.

Question 22

Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that:

Accepted Answer

classical learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested.

Question 23

Charlemagne was able to contain Umayyad power in Europe by:

Accepted Answer

maintaining diplomatic and trade relations with its rival the Abbasid Caliphate.

Question 24

In 800 Charlemagne:

Accepted Answer

accepted the crown and title of Holy Roman emperor.

Question 25

The Carolingian Empire collapsed during the ninth century:

Accepted Answer

because of the division of the empire among all the legitimate heirs of Louis and the Frankish aristocracy\'s dissatisfaction with the fractured central authority.

Question 26

The ______ were a major factor in the creation of new kingdoms and cultural patterns after the decline of the Carolingian Empire

Accepted Answer

Vikings.

Question 27

The most powerful of the heirs of Charlemagne was the Saxon king Otto who:

Accepted Answer

tried but largely failed to dominate the papacy and northern Italy.

Question 28

Central to the establishment of \"feudal\" monarchies was the:

Accepted Answer

personal relationship between individuals at each level of feudal society.

Question 29

The new class of lords that arose after 900:

Accepted Answer

claimed descent not from Roman or Carolingian families but Viking warlords like Rollo the Viking.

Question 30

A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the:

Accepted Answer

water mill, which was used to grind grain, crush paper pulp, and press oil.

Question 31

Serfs were treated like slaves in parts of medieval Europe with a major exception:

Accepted Answer

serfs could not be sold apart from their historic lands.

Question 32

The rotation of crops:

Accepted Answer

spread labor evenly over the course of the year.

Question 33

As agricultural production increased and land became more valuable:

Accepted Answer

castles began to appear in the landscape as fortresses to dominate the land.

Question 34

The merging of small individual land holdings into larger, common fields that could be worked by a whole village resulted in the emergence of:

Accepted Answer

manors.

Question 35

The tenth century was known for ineffective kingship throughout Europe and:

Accepted Answer

an incompetent and largely corrupt papacy.

Question 36

One of the many reforms undertaken by the Clunaic monasteries was to enforce the monastic vow of celibacy on all priests. Some segments of the Church rejected this reform claiming:

Accepted Answer

church fathers, such as Ambrose, had been married.

Question 37

In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections, which gave the power to elect future popes to the:

Accepted Answer

College of Cardinals.

Question 38

During the Investiture Conflict, Pope Gregory VII:

Accepted Answer

excommunicated Henry IV as king of Germany and encouraged all faithful Christians to rebel against his rule.

Question 39

The Investiture Conflict was finally resolved by a compromise known as the:

Accepted Answer

Concordat of Worms.

Question 40

The expansion of the Byzantine Empire during the tenth and early eleventh centuries was assisted by:

Accepted Answer

Christian missionary activity in Russia and the Balkans.

Question 41

When Alexius Comnenus asked for Western help against the Seljuk Turks, he was hoping for:

Accepted Answer

a force of heavily armored knights to deploy against the lightly armored Turkish cavalry.

Question 42

Which of the following was NOT a goal expressed by Pope Urban II for the First Crusade?

Accepted Answer

to slay Christ\'s enemies wherever they could be found, especially Jews and Muslims

Question 43

The motive for knights to participate in the Crusades was clearly religious including:

Accepted Answer

a promise to be freed from all penances imposed by the Church.

Question 44

One notable religious zealot who promoted the Crusade was:

Accepted Answer

Peter the Hermit.

Question 45

The Crusades marked a fundamental turning point in the relationship between:

Accepted Answer

Byzantium and western Europe.

Question 46

In 1099 the Crusaders:

Accepted Answer

seized Jerusalem, slaughtering much of its population in the process.

Question 47

The greatest economic consequence of the Crusades was:

Accepted Answer

the wealth gained by Venice and Genoa.

Question 48

The effect of the crusades on the Muslim world:

Accepted Answer

were not profound.

Question 49

Partly as a result of the Crusades, Europe:

Accepted Answer

learned much from the Islamic world that shaped European civilization in the twelfth century.

Question 50

The Islamic world produced some of the best-known poets in the world, among which is:

Accepted Answer

Umar Khayyam.

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