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Health Education

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1) Number of factors increased need for, importance of health education 2) Teaching: independent function, primary nursing responsibility included in all state practice acts

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Purpose of Health Education

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1) allows individuals to make informed decisions regarding life and health 2) helps people adapt to illness, prevent complications, follow prescribed regimens 3) allows people to achieve maximum health potential 4) Reduces health care costs, prevents patient/public dissatisfaction

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Adherence to Treatment

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Adherence: process of faithfully following guidelines or directions Therapeutic Regimen: routine that promotes health, healing

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Adherence Variables

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Demographics: sex, race, gender, age, education, socioeconomic status Illness (chronic vs. acute) Complexity of regimen, side effects psychosocial: intelligence, availability of support person, religious or cultural variables finances: direct, indirect costs of regimen

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Define Learning:

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act of gaining knowledge, skill, and attitudes

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Define Teaching:

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imparting of knowledge; helping another person learn. This is included in all state nurse practice acts of the ANA.

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Learning Readiness:

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optimal time for learning to occur; "teachable moment" usually corresponds to learner's perceived need,desire to obtain specific knowledge

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Types of teaching techniques

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lectures, discussion group teaching demonstration, practice teaching resources reinforcement, follow-up motivational interviewing

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Define Health Promotion:

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the art and science of assisting people to change their lifestyle toward a higher state of wellness those activities that assist people in developing resources that maintain or enhance well-being, improve quality of life; focuses on person's potential for wellness

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What are the components of health promotion and define them:

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Self responsibility: personal accountability for one's actions or behavior Nutrition Awareness: deal with food, nourishment stress reduction and management: behaviors, techniques used to strengthen person's resources against stress Physical Fitness: condition of being physically healthy from proper exercise, nutrition

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What is the vital role of the nurse in health care promotion?

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Foster the well-being, self-actualization, personal fulfillment promote positive health care attitudes, behaviors

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Why is health education important to nursing care?

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Because it can determine how well individuals and families are able to perform behaviors to get optimal care.

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How does health education help individuals particularly?

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This can help individuals to adapt to illness, prevent complications, carry out prescribed therapy and solve problems when confronted with new situations. Also, it can help prevent crisis situations and reduce the potential for rehospitalization.

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One of the goals of patient education?

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To adhere to their therapeutic regimen.

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What does adherence to regimen usually require?

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That the person makes one or more lifestyle changes to carry out specific activities that promote and maintain health.

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What are some examples of adhering to a regimen?

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taking medications, a diet, increasing exercise, self-monitoring

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What variables influence the degree of adherence?

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Demographic Variables such as age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and level of education Illness variables such as the severity of the illness and the relief of symptoms afforded by the therapy therapeutic regimen variables such as the complexity of the regimen and uncomfortable side effects psychosocial variables such as intelligence, availability of significant and supportive people, attitudes towards health professionals, acceptance or denial of illness, and religious or cultural beliefs. Financial Variables, especially the direct and indirect costs associated with prescribed regimen.

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What are the factors that affect learning readiness?

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Culture, personal values, physical and emotional status, and past experiences.

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How does culture affect learning readiness?

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It is a major influence because it affects how a person learns and what information can be learned. Sometimes people will not accept the teaching because it conflicts with culturally mediated values. Before teaching the nurse MUST perform an individual assessment.

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How does personal values affect learning readiness?

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Because an individuals values include beliefs about what is desirable and what is not.

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When the nurse lacks knowledge about cultural values, what could happen?

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misunderstanding, a lack of cooperation, and negative health outcomes that may occur.

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How does physical readiness affect learning readiness?

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because until a person is physically able to learn, attempts at teaching and learning may be both futile and frustrating.

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How does emotional readiness affect learning readiness?

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Because a person who has not accepted an existing illness or the threat of illness will not be motivated to learn.

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Why is it not wise to wait for a patient to become emotionally ready?

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because that time may never come unless efforts are made by the nurse to stimulate the individuals motivation.

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How does illness and the threat of illness affect the readiness to learn?

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Because it is usually accompanied by anxiety and stress. The nurse who recognizes such reactions can give simple explanations and instructions to alleviate anxiety which in turn would motivate the patient to learn.

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What does learning involve changes in?

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Learning involves changes in behavior which produces mild anxiety, which can often be used as a motivating factor.

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How does feedback motivate learning?

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Feedback promotes learning by the form of positive reinforcement.

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How does past experiences influence a persons ability to learn?

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previous educational experiences and life experiences in general are significant determinants of an individuals approach to learning. a person who has littler or no education may not be able to understand the instructional materials presented.

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Before initiating a teaching learning program what it is important to do?

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It is important to assess the learners physical and emotional readiness to learn as well as his or her ability to learn what is being taught. This information then becomes the basis for establishing goals that can motivate a person to learn.

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Involving the learner of mutually established goals serve what purpose?

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it serves the purpose of encouraging active involvement in the learning process and a willingness to share responsibility of learning.

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How can learning be optimized? Give some examples

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By minimizing external variables that interfere with the learning process. The room temperature, lighting, noise levels should be down. Moreover the time should be appropriate to have a teaching session to where the patient should not be in a fatigued mode. YOU SHOULD NOT TEACH WHEN A PATIENT IS ANXIOUS ABOUT A PENDING DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE OR WHEN VISITORS ARE PRESENT. HOWEVER IF THE FAMILY IS TO PARTICIPATE THE PATIENT SHOULD BE OKAY TO LEARN.

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What are some teaching techniques that enhance learning?

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lectures, group teaching, and demonstrations.

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How does group teaching enhance learning?

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It allows patients not only to receive needed information, but also to feel secure as members of a group with people with the same similar issues.

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How does demonstration and practice enhance learning?

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Because it is best to demonstrate the skill and then allow the patient to display their learning capabilities. When special equipment is involved, IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE THE SAME EQUIPMENT TO AVOID CONFUSION.

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What are teaching aids that are available to enhance learning?

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Books, pamphlets, pictures, films, slides, audio and video tapes, models, programmed instruction or computer assisted learning modules.

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Why should teaching aids be reviewed?

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to ensure that they meet the criteria of the individuals learning needs.

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Name some effective teaching strategies that would be useful for the elderly?

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slow paced presentations of small amounts of material at a time frequent repetition of information use of reinforcement techniques such as audiovisual, and written materials and repeated practice sessions.

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Teaching strategies for visual acuity?

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use large print and easy to read materials printed on non-glare paper. THE USE OF COLOR CODED OR HIGHLIGHTED TEACHING MAY NOT BE EFFECTIVE.

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Teaching strategies to maximize hearing?

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teacher must speak distinctively with a normal or lowered pitch facing the person so that lip reading can occur as needed.

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Why should family members be involved in teaching sessions?

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Because they provide another source of reinforcement of material and can help the learner to recall instructions later. They also provide valuable assessment information about the persons living situation and related learning needs.

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How does the teaching learning process relate to the nursing process in regards to assessment?

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Because it is directed toward the systematic collection of data about the persons learning needs, the persons readiness to learn and the family's learning needs. AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AFTER COMPLETING THE ASSESSMENT, THE NURSE ORGANIZES, ANALYZES, SYNTHESIZES, AND SUMMARIZES THE DATA COLLECTED AND DETERMINES THE PATIENT'S NEED FOR TEACHING.

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how does the teaching learning process related to the nursing process in regards to the nursing diagnosis?

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Because teaching is an integral part implied by all nursing diagnoses and for some teaching is the primary intervention. Be sure to use deficient knowledge carefully.

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how does the teaching learning process relate to the nursing process in regards to the planning?

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Assign a priority nursing diagnosis that relate to patients learning needs. Then from there you can establish expected outcomes with the patient and develop a teaching plan that is written with the goals and how they will be carried out.

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How does the teaching learning process relate to the nursing process in regards to implementation ?

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This is where the plan is being carried out with other members of the health care team as long as with family members.

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Hoes does the teaching learning process relate to the nursing process in regards to evaluation?

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This determines how effectively the person has responded to the teaching strategies and to what extent the goals have been achieved. An important question during this part would be, " what could be done to improve the teaching and enhance the learning? "

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What are some measurement techniques during the nursing process step of evaluation?

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directly observing the behavior using rating scales checklists documentation of behavior oral questioning, and written tests.

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What type of measurement is the most accurate and appropriate in many patient teaching situations?

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Direct measurement--> actual behavior

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Is evaluation the end step in the teaching learning process?

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It is not the end step the information gathered during evaluation should be used to redirect teaching actions with the goal of improving the learners response and outcomes.

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What are some examples of indirect measurements?

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patient satisfaction surveys, attitude surveys, and instruments that evaluate specific health status variables.

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why is evaluation of learning after being hospitalized important?

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because the analysis of teaching outcomes must extend into home care.

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What are the 5 steps of the teaching-learning process in regards to the nursing process of planning?

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1) assigning priorities to diagnoses 2)Specifying the immediate, intermediate, and long-term goals of learning 3) Identifying specific teaching strategies appropriate for attaining goals. 4) specifying the expected outcomes 5) Documenting the diagnoses, goals, teaching strategies, and expected outcomes on the teaching plan.

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The assignment of priorities to the diagnoses is a joint effort by whom?

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By the nurse, the learner, or the family members.

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What must be considered when planning for a patient?

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Consideration must be given to the urgency of the individuals learning needs, with the most critical needs receiving the highest priority.

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After priorities of the diagnoses have been established, what should be identified?

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the immediate and long-term care goals and the teaching strategies appropriate for attaining the goals.

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When is teaching most effective?

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when the objectives of both the learner and the nurse are in agreement.

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What does learning begin with?

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Learning begins with the establishment of goals that are appropriate to the situation and realistic in terms of the individuals ability and desire to achieve them.

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What should outcomes be?

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Outcomes should be realistic and measurable and the critical time periods for attaining them should also be identified.

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What will serve as a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the teaching strategies?

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The desired outcomes and the critical time periods.

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During the planning phase, what should be considered high priority ?

answer

Critical information (ex: survival skills for the person with diabetes) and material that the person or family identifies to be of particular importance. also an outline is often helpful for arranging the subject matter and for ensuring that all necessary information is included.

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What information does the teaching plan communicate?

answer

1) The nursing diagnoses specifically relate to the individuals learning needs and the priorities of these diagnoses 2) The goals of the teaching strategies 3) The teaching strategies, expressed in the form of teaching orders 4) The expected outcomes, which identify the desired behavioral responses of the learner 5) The critical time period within which each outcome is expected to be met. 6) The individuals behavioral responses( which must be documented on the teaching plan)

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What phase of the teaching learning process does the patient, family, and other members of the nursing and health care teams carry out the activities outlined?

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the implementation phase.

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Who coordinates all of the activities in the implementation phase?

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The nurse.

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When is the implementation phase concluded?

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when the teaching strategies have been completed and when the individuals responses to the actions have been recorded.

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Why is recording/documentation important in the implementation phase?

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Because it serves as the basis for evaluating how well the defined goals and expected outcomes have been achieved.

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What is the common goal between health teaching and health promotion?

answer

to encourage the people to achieve as high level of wellness as possible so that they can live maximally healthy lives and avoid preventable illnesses.

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Define the concept of health:

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The concept of health that is no longer accepted is the mere absence of disease. Instead, health is defined as a dynamic, ever-changing condition that enables a person to function at an optimum potential at any given time. People should be able to reach their full potential regardless of any limitations they might have.

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Define the concept of wellness:

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Wellness is individualized. Wellness just does not happen it requires conscious planning and commitment for adopting a lifestyle behaviors to attain the highest potential of well-being. A person with chronic illness CAN STILL achieve a level of wellness.

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What is the key to wellness?

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The key to wellness is to function at the highest potential within the limitations over which there is no control.

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Why was the health belief model devised?

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To foster the understanding of what made some health people choose actions to prevent illness while others refused to engage in these protective recommendations.

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The resource model of preventive health behavior addresses what issue? When do resources use this model?

answer

The ways that people use resources to promote health. Nurses use this model to assess how demographic variables, health behaviors, and social and health resources influence health promotion.

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What does the health determinant model view?

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Views human biology, environment, lifestyle, and the health care delivery system as the four determinants of a person's health.

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Promotion of health model is based on what four variables?

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1) demographic and disease factors (age, gender, education, employment, severity of illness) 2) Barriers to gaining access to a health promotion alternative 3) Resources- financial and social support 4) Perceptual factors- how people view health status, self-efficacy, and demands of their illness.

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Health promotion model by Pender explain:

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based on the social learning theory and emphasizes the importance of motivational factors that influence the acquiring and sustaining of health promotion behaviors. Explores cognitive-perceptual factors that affect one's view of the importance of health.

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Describe the concept of self responsibility in health promotion:

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Taking responsibility for oneself is the key to successful health promotion. This concept is based on the understanding that individuals control their lives. Self-responsibility is very individualized and depends on a person's desires and inner motivations.

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Concept of nutrition in health promotion model:

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Involves the understanding of importance of a properly balanced diet for essential nutrients. Diet and disease is important in self-care.

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Concept of stress management in health promotion:

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Find ways to reduce stress because studies have shown negative effects of stress on health on infectious diseases, and traumatic injuries, and chronic illnesses.

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Concept of physical fitness on health promotion:

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can promote health by improving circulation, function of lungs, decreasing cholesterol and lipo-protein concentration, lower body weight, calorie expenditure, delay degenerative changes, improving flexibility and endurance.

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Describe the nurses role in health promotion:

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Nurses have initiated health promotion programs or have participated with other personnel to provide wellness services. Nurses have the responsibility to promote activities that foster well-being, self-actualization, and personal fulfillment.

Week #1 Health Education and Health Promotion Chapter 4 – Flashcards

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