question

Hormone precursors:

answer

Vitamin D
Vitamin A

question

Redox cofactors &/or antioxidants:

answer

Vitamin C
Vitamin E (tocopherols)
Vitamin K (phylloquinone, not
an antioxidant)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

question

Group transfer agents:

answer

Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Folic acid
Pantothenic acid

question

formed in skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol plus sunlight
converted in the liver to a hormone that regulates calcium uptake.

answer

Vitamin D

question

-family of is fat-soluble compounds
-found in fish oils, liver, eggs, whole milk, and butter

answer

Vitamin A

question

________ (found in orange & yellow vegetables), can be enzymatically converted to Vitamin __

answer

Beta-carotene; A

question

Deficiency - dryness of the skin, eyes, & mucous membranes, retarded growth, night blindness

answer

Vitamin A

question

Deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children

answer

Vitamin A

question

___________, one form of Vitamin A, functions as a hormone and as a pigment in the eye

answer

Retinol

question

________ ________ - active drug in Retin-A used in the treatment of severe acne and other skin problems

answer

Retonoic Acid

question

___ - ___ - ________ is a cofactor for rhodopsin, playing a role in vision

answer

11-cis-retinol

question

What is the technical name for too much Vitamin A and D?

answer

hypervitaminosis A/D

question

prevents free radicals (i.e. superoxide anions) from oxidizing compounds (i.e. polyunsaturated fats), thus maintaining integrity of cellular membranes

answer

Vitamin E, C

question

found in eggs and vegetable oils

answer

Vitamin E

question

Deficiency is very rare in humans; primary symptom is fragile erythrocytes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease

answer

Vitamin E

question

phylloquinone

answer

Vitamin K

question

blood-clotting cofactor

answer

Vitamin K

question

undergoes redox rxn to form prothrombin

answer

Vitamin K

question

found in green plant leaves; deficiency is very rare.

answer

Vitamin K

question

_______ (coumadin), with a similar structure, is used to prevent excessive blood clotting.

answer

Warfarin

question

Isoprenoids = __ linear carbons, __ carbon off to the side

answer

4;5

question

Vitamins __ and __ are isoprenoid derivatives

answer

E;K

question

__________ (also called coenzyme Q) is an isoprenoid

answer

Ubiquinone

question

Comes in three flavors: reduced, oxidized, ionized

answer

Vitamin C

question

regenerates vitamin E from its radical form

answer

Vitamin C

question

Most animals make vitamin __, but humans can’t; we obtain it through fruits & vegetables

answer

C

question

required for the hydroxylation of proline in collagen (cofactor for prolyl 4-hydroxylase)

answer

Vitamin C

question

What is Vitamin C in oxidized form?

answer

Dehydroascorbic Acid

question

What is the reduced form of Vitamin C?

answer

Ascorbic Acid

question

What is the ionized form of Vitamin C?

answer

Ascorbate

question

Scurvy from _________ deficiency

answer

ascorbate

question

__-_____________ required in collagen (connective tissue in
vertebrates)

answer

4 - hydroxyproline

question

Deficiency of vitamin __ causes scurvy, characterized by _______ __________ degradation

answer

C; connective tissue degradation

question

Poor healing, bleeding, tooth loss, bone pain, heart failure

answer

Vitamin C

question

Milder cases: fatigue, irritability, increased severity of respiratory tract infections

answer

Vitamin C

question

Cofactor for pyruvate & alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; hence, important for metabolism

answer

Vitamin B1- thiamine

question

Also does Aldehyde transfers

answer

B1- thiamine

question

Deficiency causes Beriberi – characterized by heart failure, peripheral neuropathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholics-ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, confusion)

answer

B1- thiamine

question

Activates Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

answer

B2- Riboflavin

question

Involved in many oxidation-reduction reactions

answer

B2- Riboflavin, B3- Niacin

question

Required for metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates

answer

B2- Riboflavin

question

Found in meats, nuts, cheese, milk, leafy vegetables, fish, legumes, grains

answer

B2- Riboflavin

question

Not toxic in high doses (but turns urine dark yellow)

answer

B2- Riboflavin

question

Deficiency (not common) causes eye & skin problems, mouth inflammation

answer

B2- Riboflavin

question

_______ is synthesized from tryptophan

answer

Niacin

question

But humans generally cannot synthesize enough.

answer

B3- Niacin

question

Deficiency affects all of the NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases, causing pellagra

answer

B3- Niacin

question

___________ is characterized by the four D's =diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death, from what deficiency?

answer

Pellagra; B3-Niacin

question

100 years ago, when corn was a dietary
staple, pellagra was common because
corn is low in ______________.

answer

tryptophan

question

What is pellagra commonly seen in today?

answer

alcoholics who have reduced niacin absorption

question

____-_______ medicine can cause niacin
deficiency.

answer

Anti-tuberculoid

question

_____ is synthesized from Niacin: no niacin = no ____

answer

NAD+; NAD+

question

helps maintain healthy nerve and red blood cells

answer

B12- cobalamin

question

found in fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, milk products

answer

B12- cobalamin

question

Vegetarians & vegans are in danger of deficiency

answer

B12-cobalamin

question

___ deficiency results in reduced levels of hemoglobin (megaloblastic anemia), as well as nervous system impairment that may be irreversible

answer

B12-cobalamin;

question

______ ______ can correct the anemia from B12 deficiency, but not nerve damage.

answer

Folic Acid

question

has a weak cobalt-carbon bond

answer

B12-Cobalamin

question

organometallic biological molecule

answer

B12-Cobalamin

question

Corrin ring structure: tetrapyrrole (4 heterocyclic aromatic rings) ring system

answer

B12- Cobalamin

question

With 5'-deoxy-adenosine bound to cobalt, is called coenzyme B12.

answer

B12- Cobalamin

question

Needed for more than 100 enzymes that play roles in protein metabolism (aids in group transfers to & from animo acids)

answer

B6- Pyridoxine

question

enzyme cofactor _______ ________ is derived from vitamin B6

answer

pyridoxyl phosphate (PLP)

question

Deficiency can result in anemia but is rare

answer

B6- Pyridoxine

question

Found in a wide variety of foods

answer

B6-Pyridoxine, B7- Biotin

question

Precursor to Coenzyme A, a carrier of carbon fragments such as acetate (i.e. acetyl-CoA); acyl transfers

answer

B5- Pantothenic Acid

question

Found in many foods; deficiency not seen

answer

B5- Pantothenic Acid

question

Deficiency is rare, but can result from a diet rich in raw eggs, because eggs are rich in avidin, which binds biotin very tightly

answer

B7- Biotin

question

Deficiency also can be caused by longterm antibiotic use (synthesized in GI tract)

answer

B7-Biotin

question

Carboxylizes pyruvate (to form oxaloacetate), acetyl CoA, and propionyl CoA; hence, necessary for Krebs Cycle

answer

B7-Biotin

question

The _______ ________ derivative, tetrahydrofolate, carries 1-carbon units (more reduced form of CO2)

answer

Folic Acid

question

Deficiency can stop DNA synthesis, also can cause megaloblastic anemia

answer

B9-Folic Acid

question

_______ _______ is found in leafy vegetables, beans and peas.

answer

Folic Acid

question

Grains are now (since 1996) enriched with _______ ______.

answer

Folic Acid

question

Prevents neural tube defects in the developing fetus, and heart disease

answer

Folic Acid

question

phototransduction

answer

Retinol; Vitamin A

question

Carbohydrate Metabolism

answer

Thiamine B1

question

redox, respiration

answer

Riboflavin B2

question

redox

answer

niacin B3

question

TCA, FA, and cholesterol

answer

Pantothenic Acid B5

question

aa metabolism, glycogenolysis

answer

B6; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine

question

gluconeogenesis, fa, tca, aa

answer

Biotin B7

question

1 C metabolism

answer

B9 Folic Acid

question

hydroxylation

answer

ascorbic Acid

question

component of oxidases in oxidative metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, collagen synthesis (deficiency = muscle weakness, neurological deficit, abnormal collagen)

answer

Copper

question

essential component of thyroid hormone (deficiency =goiter, hypothyroidism)

answer

Iodine

question

essential component of hemoglobin, other metallo-enzymes (deficiency = defective hemoglobin, anemia)

answer

Iron

question

component of glutathione peroxidase (deficiency = cardiomyopathy)

answer

Selenium

question

component of oxidases (deficiency = retarted growth & impaired wound healing)

answer

Zinc

Vitamins – Chemistry – Flashcards

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