Visual Anatomy & Physiology Ch 7 – Flashcards
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tibia
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medial leg bone
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carpal bones
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wrist bones
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scapula
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shoulder blade
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tarsal bones
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ankle bones
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sternum
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breastbone; flat bone forms in aterior midline of thoracic wall; has three distinct regions usually fuse together during adulthood
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mandible
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lower jaw bone
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fibula
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lateral leg bone
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femur
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thigh bone
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ulna
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medial forearm bone
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clavicle
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collar bone
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radius
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lateral forearm bone
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humerus
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arm bone; extends from scapula to elbow
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ilium
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superior portion of hip bone
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squamous suture
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attaches temporal bone to parietal bone
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perpendicular plate of ethmoid
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part of ethmoid bone that forms upper bony part of nasal septum
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occipital condyles
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site of articulation between skull and first vertebra of neck
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condylar process
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site of articulation between mandible and temporal bone
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lateral and medial condyles
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part of femur that forms joint with the tibia bone
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olecranon
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part of ulna; forms point of the elbow
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manubrium
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superior portion of sternum; broad trapezoid shape; articulates with clavicles andcartilages of first pair of ribs
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acromion
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part of scapula that articulates with clavicle
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sagittal suture
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connects parietal bones
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sella turcica
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saddle-shaped enclosure on superior surface of sphenoid bone that holds pituitary gland; means "Turkish saddle"
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medial malleolus
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part of tibia that forms medial bony bump at ankle; large tibial process familiar to you sat medial projection at ankle; provides medial support for ankle joint
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acetabulum
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part of hip bone that articulates with head of femur
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lambdoid suture
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attaches occipital bone to parietal bones
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coronal suture
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attaches frontal bone to parietal bones
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lateral malleolus of fibula
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part of fibula that forms lateral bony bump at ankle; provides lateral stability to ankle joint
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capitulum
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head-shaped lateral portion of the condyle of the humerus; forms lateral surface of condyle
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xyphoid process
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inferior portion of sternum
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trochlea
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spool-shaped medial portion of the condyle of the humerus; articulation between talus and tibia occurs across superior and medial surfaces; spool or pulley shaped articular process
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cribiform plate
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part of ethmoid bone that permits passage of olfactory nerves (through olfactory foramina0; forms anteromedial floor of cranium and roof of nasal cavity
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capitulum and trochlea
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part of humerus that articulates with radius and ulna
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zygomatic arch
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formed from zygomatic process of temporal bone and temporal process of zygomatic bone; cheekbone
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ischial tuberosity
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part of hip bone that bears body's weight when seated; roughened projection, bears body's weight when seated
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glenoid cavity
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part of scapula that articulates with head of humerus; lateral angle forms a brod process that supports cup shape
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mastoid process
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attachment on the temporal bone for sternocleidomastoid muscle that rotates or extends head
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foramen magnum
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located in occipital bone; connects cranial cavity with vertebral canal; surrounds connection between brain and spinal cord; "big hole"
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ethmoid bone
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forms roof of nasal cavity, anteromedial floor of cranium, and part of nasal septum and medial orbital wall
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nasal bone
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forms superior part of bridge of nose
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maxilla
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forms upper jawbone
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body of mandible
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horizontal part of mandible
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vomer
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forms lower bony part of nasal septum
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fontanelles
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spaces between unfused cranial bones; large fibrous areas between the cranial bones
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anterior fontanelle
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space between unfused bones at intersection of frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures; soft spot on newborns; often only fontanelle easily recognized by new parents; generally persists until child is nearly 2 yrs old
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sphenoidal fontanelle
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space between unfused bones between squamous and coronal sutures
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mastoid fontanelle
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space between unfused bones between squamous and lambdoid suture
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occipital fontanelle
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space between unfused bones between sagittal and lambdoid suture
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bones of orbit
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frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, sphenoid, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine bones
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auditory ossicles
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three bones located within each middle ear cavity (6 bones total) within the petrous part of temporal bone;
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C1-C7
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cervical vertebrae
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T1-T12
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thoracic vertebrae, articulate with ribs at costal facets
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L1-L5
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lumbar vertebrae
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S1-S5
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sacrum; sacral vertebrae; fused together
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coccyx
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tailbone; single bone that consists of three to five coccygeal vertebrae that have generally begun fusing by age 236
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vertebrosternal ribs
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ribs 1-7; also called true ribs
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vertebrochondral ribs
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ribs 8-10; connected to sternum by shared costal cartilages
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floating ribs
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ribs 11-12; no connection with sternum or vertebral ribs
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costal cartilages
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attach ribs to sternum; connected to sternum by individual costal cartilages
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scapula spine
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posterior ridge on scapula
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deltoid tuberosity
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attachment site for deltoid muscle
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radial tuberosity
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attachment site for biceps brachia muscle; large surface of the arm
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interosseous membrane
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fibrous sheet that connects shafts of ulna and radius and tibia and fibula; stabilize positions of tibia and fibula and provides additional surface area for muscle attachment
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styloid process of humerus and ulna
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at the distal end of the radius and ulna, helps to stabilize the wrist joint
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scaphoid
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boat shaped wrist bone; proximal carpal bone on lateral border of wrist; carpal bone closest to styloid process of radius
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lunate
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moon shaped wrist bone; lies medial to scaphoid and like scaphoid articulates with radius
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triquetrum
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three cornered wrist bone
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pisiform
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pea shaped wrist bone; sits anterior to triquetrum
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trapezium
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four sided wrist bone; lateral bone of distal row; proximal surface articulates with scaphoid
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metacarpals
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palm bones
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phalanges
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toe bones; have same anatomical organization as fingers; toes contain 14 phalanges
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pollex
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thumb
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coxal bone
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hip bone, three fused bones, ilium, pubis, and ischium
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iliac crest
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upper ridge of hip bone; important ridge for muscle attachment
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pubis
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anterior inferior portion of hip bone
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pubic symphysis
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fibrous cartilage pad connecting pubic bones; right and left pubic bones attached median pad of fibrocartilage
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ischium
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posterior inferior portion of hip bone
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obturator foramen
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holes in ischium; space closed by sheet of collagen fibers whose inner and outer surfaces provide a firm base for attachment of muscles of hip
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fovea capitis
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on head of femur bone, attachment site for ligamentum trees; small pit in center of femoral head, a ligament attaches acetabulum to femur
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gluteal tuberosity
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on femur, attachment site for gluteus maximus muscle
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patella
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kneecap
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tibial tuberosity
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attachment site for patellar ligament
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calcaneus
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heel bone, attachment site for achilles tendon; largest of tarsal bones; when standing normally most of weight is transited from tibia to talus to calcaneus and to the ground
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talus
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tarsal bone one; transmits weight of body from tibia toward toes
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navicular
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boat shaped ankle bone; anterior to talus, on medial side of ankle; articulates with talus and with three cuneiform bones
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cuboid
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tarsal bone two; articulates with anterior surface of calcaneus
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cuneiform
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wedge shaped ankle bone (3 bones)
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hallux
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big toe; two phalanges, other four toes have three phalanges
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suture
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immovable joint; connects bones of skull with dense fibrous connective tissue
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axial skeleton
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forms longitudinal axis of body; includes skull and associated bones, thoracic cage, vertebral column, and various supplemental cartilages; 80 bones (40% of all bones in human body); provides framework to support and protect brain, spinal cord, and organs of the trunk; joints of axial skeleton have limited movement but are very strong
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skull
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22 bones of the cranium and face
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facial bones
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14 bones; protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts; provide for attachment of muscles controlling facial expressions and chewing food; nasal bones (2), inferior nasal conchae (2), zygomatic bones (2), maxillary bones (2), palatine bones (2), lacrimal bones (2), vomer (1), and mandible (1)
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cranium
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formed by cranial bones; enclosed the cranial cavity that cushions and supports brain
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cranial bones
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8 bones; forms the cranium; occipital bone (1), parietal bones (2), frontal bones (2), temporal bones (2), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)
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calvaria
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skullcap; comprised on occipital, parietal, and frontal bones
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nasal bones
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support superior portion of bridge of nose; connected to cartilage forming distal portions of nose
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lacrimal bones
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form part of medial wall of eye sockets (orbits)
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palatine bones
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form posterior portion of hard palate (roof of mouth) and inferior portion of eye sockets (orbits)
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zygomatic bones
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form part of the rim and lateral wall of orbits (eye sockets) and part of cheekbones
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maxillary bones
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also called maxillae; support upper teeth and form inferior part of orbital rim (eye sockets), lateral parts of external nares (nostrils), upper jaw, and most of hard palate (roof of mouth)
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inferior nasal conchae
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create turbulence in air passing through nasal cavity and increase epithelial surface area to warm and humidify inhaled air
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frontal bone
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forms anterior portion of cranium and roof of eye sockets (orbits)
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sphenoid bone
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forms part of floor of cranium; unites cranial and facial bones; acts as a cross-brace to strengthen sides of skull
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parietal bones
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one on each side of skull; form part of superior and lateral surfaces of cranium
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occipital bone
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forms parts of posterior, lateral, and inferior surfaces of cranium
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temporal bones
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one of each side of skull; forms past of lateral wall of cranium; articulate with facial bones; surrounds and protects inner ear structures; site for attachment of muscles to close the jaw and move the head
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styloid process
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located near base of mastoid process; attached to ligaments that support the hyoid bone and to tendons of several muscles
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external occipital crest
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located in center of occipital bone; site for attachment of a ligament that stabilizes the cervical vertebrae
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superior and inferior temporal lines
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curved ridges that mark attachment sites of temporal is muscle (large muscle that closes mouth)
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external acoustic meatus
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opening that leads to eardrum and middle ear; located in temporal bone
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alveolar processes
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ridges that project from the maxillae and mandible to support the upper and lower teeth
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mental protuberance
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attachment site for several facial muscles; located on mandible
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zygomatic process
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located on temporal bone; inferior to squamous portion of temporal bone; connects with temporal process of zygomatic bone
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frontal sinuses
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hollow spaces in frontal bone that vary greatly in size and time of appearance; part of paranasal sinuses
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foramen lacerum
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jagged slit extending between sphenoid and petrous portion of temporal bone; passageway for small arteries supplying inner surface of cranium with blood
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lesser wings of sphenoid
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extend horizontally to the sella turcica
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greater wings of sphenoid
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extend laterally from body of sphenoid and form part of cranial floor; also form part of the posterior walls of the orbits (eye sockets)
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pterygoid processes
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vertical projections on either side of body of sphenoid
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sphenoid sinuses
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holes on either side of body of sphenoid, inferior to sella turcica
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body of sphenoid
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forms central axis of sphenoid
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zygomaticofacial foramen
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passageway on anterior surface of each zygomatic bone for sensory nerve that innervate cheek
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infraorbital foramen
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passageway in maxilla for a sensory nerve to the face
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nasal complex
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bony structure enclosing nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses; includes frontal bone, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal bones, palatine bone, and nasal bone
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sinusitis
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inflammation of sinuses due to viral, bacterial, or fungal infection
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cervical curve
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secondary curve of spine; develops as the infant learns to balance weight of head on cervical vertebrae
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thoracic curve
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primary curve of spine; accommodates thoracic organs
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lumbar curve
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secondary curve of spine; balances weight of trunk over the lower limbs
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sacral curve
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primary curve of spine; accommodates abdominopelvic organs
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vertebral regions
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regions defined by anatomical characteristics of individual vertebrae
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articular processes of vertebra
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processes that extend superiorly and inferiorly from vertebra to articulate with adjacent vertebrae
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vertebral arch
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forms the posterior and lateral margins of vertebral foramen
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vertebral body
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part of a vertebra that transfers weight along axis of vertebral column
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intervertebral discs
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bodies of adjacent vertebrae are interconnected by ligaments but are separated by pads of fibrocartilage
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intervertebral foramina
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spaces formed between successive pedicles of vertebrae; passageway for nerves and blood vessels running to or from spinal cord
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vertebral canal
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vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae; encloses spinal cord
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spinous process of vertebra
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process that projects posteriorly from point where vertebral laminae fuse to complete vertebral arch
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laminae of vertebra
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forms roof of vertebral foramen
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transverse processes of vertebra
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processes that project laterally on both sides of vertebra from point where laminae join
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pedicles
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form the sides or walls of vertebral arch and connect it to vertebral body
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superior articular processes
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articulate with inferior articular processes of superior vertebra
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inferior articular processes
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articulate with superior articular processes of inferior vertebra
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costal process
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extends anterolaterally from either side of vertebral body
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atlas
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no vertebral body and n0 spinous process, but has large, round vertebral foramen bounded by anterior and posterior arches
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axis
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resembles inferior cervical vertebrae except for presence of prominent dens on superior surface of body
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vertebra prominens
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prominent vertebra
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bifid
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typical cervical vertebra; tip of each spinous process bears prominent notch
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spinous process
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projects posteriorly and inferiorly
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ala
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wing; extends on either side; anterior and superior surfaces of each ala provide an extensive area for muscle attachment
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base of sacrum
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broad superior surface
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sacral promontory
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important surface marking in females during pelvic examinations and during labor and delivery
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apex
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narrow, inferior portion of sacrum
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sacral canal
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passageway that extends length of sacrum; nerves and membranes line vertebral canal in spinal cord continue into sacral canal
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superior articular process of sacrum
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articulates with last lumbar vertebra
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sacral hiatus
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opening at inferior end of sacral canal
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lateral sacral crest
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ridge represents fused transverse presses of sacral vertebrae
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thoracic cage
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skeleton of the chest; provides bony support to walls of thoracic cavity; consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
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jugular notch
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located between clavicular articulations; shallow indentation on superior surfaceo of manubruim
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ribs
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reinforce posterior and lateral walls of thoracic cavity
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vertebral ribs
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attached only to vertebrae and muscles of body wall
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body
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attaches to inferior surface of manubrium and extends inferiorly along midline; individaul costal cartlages from rib pairs 2-7 are attached to portion of sternum
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xiphoid process
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smalles part of sternum; attached to inferior surface of body of sternum
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tubercle
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contains articular facet that contacts transverse process of thoracic vertebra
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head
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also called capitulum ; there are two articular facets
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sternoclavicular joint
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clavicle articulates with sternum at clavicular notch
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acromion
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stabalizes ligaments attach to conoid tubercle and costal tuberosity
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acromioclavicular joint
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between acromion and clavicle
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acromial end of clavicle
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broader than sternal end; has rough inferior surface that bears prominent lines and tubercles
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lateral border
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axillary border
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subscapular fossa
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depression in anterior surface
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supraspinous fossa
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concave area superior to scapular spine
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infraspinous fossa
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region inferiro to spine
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humerus
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extends from scapula to elbow
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medial and lateral epicondyles
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near distal articulation with bones of the forearm shaft expands to either side
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epicondyles
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processes that develop proximal to an articulation; provide additional surface area for muscle attachment
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condyle
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humerus articulates with radius and ulna of forearm, forming tradiohumeral joint; condyle is divided into two articular regions
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lesser tubercle
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smaller projection that lies on anterior, medial surface of epiphysis
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anatomical neck
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marks extent of the joint capsule
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surgical neck
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corresponds to metaphysics of growing bone; name reflects fact that fractures typically occur at this site
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neck of radius
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extends from radial head to radial tuberosity
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trochlear notch of ulna
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articulates with trochlea of humerus at elbow joint
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radial notch
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smooth;l accommodates head of radius
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distal radioulnar joint
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lateral surface of ulnar head articulates with distal end of radius
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triquetrum
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three cornered; small pyramid shaped bone medial to lunate; articulates with articular disc that separates ulnar head form wrist
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metacarpal
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articulate with distal carpal bones and support hand; identified by roman numerals beginning with lateral metacarpal bones which articulates with trapezium
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pelvic girdle
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consists of paired hip bones
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hip bones
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also called coxal bones or innominate bones
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iliac spines
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surface markings along margin of ilium; mark attachment sites of important muscles and ligaments
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gluteal lines
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mark attachment of large hip muscles
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greater sciatic notch
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large sciatic nerve reaches lower limb
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ischial spine
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projects superior to lesser sciatic notch, marks where blood vessels, nerves,a d small muscle pass across surface
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lunate surface
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smooth, cup shaped articular surface
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acetabulum
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concave socket, articulates with head of femur
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acetabular notch
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gap in bony rim of acetabulum
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iliac fossa
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shallow depression that helps support abdominal organs and provides additional area for muscle attachment
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arcuate line of ilium
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continuous with pectineal line of pubis
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pectineal line
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is ridge that ends at pubic tubercle
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pubic tubercle
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small elevated area anterior and lateral to pubic symphysis
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iliac tuberosity
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roughened area superior to auricular surface; ligaments originating here stabilize sacroiliac joint
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sacroilic joint
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articulation between sacrum and adjacent ilium, supported by extensive network of ligaments; joints form union between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
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pubic symphysis
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fibrocartilage pad that forms articulation between two pubic bones
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pelvic brim
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bony margin of true pelvis
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pelvic inlet
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opening enclosed by pelvic brim
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pelvic outlet
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opening bounded by coccyx, ischial tuberosities and ischial spines, and inferior border of pubic symphysis
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femur
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thigh
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greater trochanter
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large rough projection that extends laterally form junction of head and shaft
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femoral head
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articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
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inertrochanteric line
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marks edge of articular capsule on anterior surface of femur
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lesser trochanter
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projects posteriorly and medially form junction of head and shaft
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adductor tubercle at end of medial supracondylar ridge
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marks attachement site of adductor magnus muscle
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gluteal tuberosity
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marks attachment of gluteus maximus muscle
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linea aspera
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rough ridge that marks attachment site of powerful hip muscles
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popliteal surface
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flattened triangular area
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patellar surface
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smooth articular surface over which patella glides
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base of patella
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attachment area for quadriceps tendon
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head of fibula
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articulates with tibia; articular facet is located on anterior inferior surface of lateral tibial condyle
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anterior margin
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ridge that begins at tibial tuberosity and extends distally along anterior tibial surface
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lateral facet
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lateral condyle of femur
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medial facet
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for medial condyle of femur
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intercondylar eminence
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ridge that separates condyles
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cuneiform bones
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arranged in row with articulations between them; named according to relative positions, medial, intermediate, and lateral
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metatarsal bones of foot
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five long metatarsal bones form distal portion of foot
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calcaneal tendon
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posterior portion of calcaneus is rough, knob shaped projection; arises at calf muscles
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longitudinal arch of the foot
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amount of weight transferred forward depends on position of foot and placement of ones body weight
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dancer's fracture
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diaphysis of fifth metatarsal is broken
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transverse arch
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degree of longitudinal curvature changes from medial border to lateral border of foot
