US History Midterm Exam: Units 1-5 – Flashcards
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Alexander Hamilton
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He supported the creation of a national bank
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First political parties
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Formed around the issue of the power of the federal and state governments
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Federalists
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Party that favored more power for Federal government
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Agrarian nation
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Thomas Jefferson want our economy to be dominated by farmers
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Strict interpretation
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People who believe the government should exercise only the powers specifically listed in the constitution
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Whiskey Rebellion
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Helped to establish the power of the federal government to enforce federal laws in the states
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Judicial review
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Allowed the Supreme Court to decide if laws are Constitutional or not
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Marbury v. Madison
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The case that gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review
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Louisiana Purchase
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Doubled the size of the U.S. allowing for westward expansion and getting rid of the French in North America
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
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Said states had the power to declare laws unconstitutional
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Impressments
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A cause of the War of 1812; British took American sailors
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Tecumseh
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Led Midwestern Indians against American government, died in War of 1812
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Andrew Jackson
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The Battle of New Orleans made him a hero
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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The Democratic-Republicans viewed these as a violation of freedom of speech
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War Hawks
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Men like Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun who wanted to invade Canada
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Treaty of Ghent
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Ended the War of 1812
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"Era of Good Feelings"
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Describes the time after the War of 1812 when Monroe was president and the Democratic-Republicans were in charge
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American System
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Henry Clay's plan to create an independent and strong economy that connected all parts of the country through internal improvements
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The North
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This geographic region became the center of the industrial movement
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Manifest Destiny
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Idea that God gave the West to America and the country should stretch from sea to sea
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Monroe Doctrine
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Policy that European countries should stay out of the Western Hemisphere
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Trail of Tears
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Caused by the Indian Removal Act; the journey of the Cherokees to Indian Territory
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Andrew Jackson
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Who was seen by Americans as the victim of the Corrupt Bargain? (won the popular vote; but wasn't president)
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Spoils System
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Practice of giving government jobs in exchange for political support
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Whig Party
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Was formed by those who wanted a weaker president; didn't like Pres. Jackson
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Tariff of Abominations
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The issue that South Carolina's 1830's nullification crisis originally occurred over
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Missouri
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The territory that wanted to become a state which upset the balance of slave & free states in the Senate
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Second Great Awakening
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Religious movement that spread across the country
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Mormons
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A new church in the 18030s, called Latter Day Saints, that were persecuted by many
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Utopian societies
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Groups that shared their belongings and lived outside of mainstream society
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Seneca Falls Convention
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First women's rights meeting
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Dorthea Dix
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Advocate for humane treatment of the mentally ill & prison reform
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Nat Turner
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Started a failed slave rebellion; resulted in harsher slave laws
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Owned the Liberator; was an avid abolitionist
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Horace Mann
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Advocate for public education
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
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Lincoln argued that slavery should not be extended to the west, while Douglas argued for popular sovereignty
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Compromise of 1850
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California became a free state, the slave trade ended in D.C. and fugitive slave laws were more harsh
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Fugitive Slave Act
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Part of the Compromise of 1850 that allowed policemen & citizens to capture & send African Americans south
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Popular Sovereignty
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Idea that territories would decide to be slave or free by vote
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Book that influenced many northerners against slavery
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Dred Scott vs. Sanford
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Court case that determined that slaves were not citizens
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John Brown
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abolitionist who took part in Bleeding Kansas & attacked the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry
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Harriet Tubman
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Person who help slaves escape North through the Underground Railroad
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Immediate causes of the Civil War
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The election of Lincoln and S.C. secession
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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After this law, pro & anti slavery forces rushed to Kansas
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Election of Lincoln
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Caused South Carolina to secede from the Union
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Home Advantage
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The main advantage that the Confederates had over the Union
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Robert E. Lee
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Confederate general who led the south
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Vicksburg
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Union victory that gave the north access to the Mississippi River
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Anaconda Plan
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Union scheme to blockade the South
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Battle of Gettysburg
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Confederate retreat from this massive three day battle marked the last invasion into Union territory, and served as the final turning point of the war.
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Gettysburg Address
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Memorable speech by Lincoln to dedicate the field to the soldiers who died & help the country cope with their loss
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Emancipation Proclamation
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President Lincoln changed the purpose of the war from preserving the union to slavery
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Writs of Habeas Corpus
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During the war, President Lincoln allowed people to be held & imprisoned without being charged or tried
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Total War
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Attacking any enemy resources; idea that the crueler the war, the faster it would end
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Appomattox Courthouse
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Lee surrenders and the Civil War ends
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Carpetbaggers
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Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War
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Ku Klux Klan
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Used violent tactics in order to intimidate African-Americans from voting & participating in elections
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Sharecroppers
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Farmers lived in a cycle of poverty that rendered them in debt to the landowners
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"Solid South"
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Describes southern support of Democratic Party
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Homestead Act
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Sold western land at a low price to people willing to farm it
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Morrill Land Grant
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Sold land to raise money for agricultural & technical colleges
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Radical Republicans
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Wanted to punish the south after the Civil War with harsh reconstruction terms
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Black Codes
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Laws that limited the rights of African Americans after the Civil War
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13th amendment
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Abolished slavery
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14th amendment
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States must give all citizens equal protection and due process of law
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15th amendment
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People can vote regardless of race
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Buffalo
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Native Americans hunted them for food, clothing, housing & tools
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Little Big Horn
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General Custer & his men were killed by the Sioux
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Battle of Wounded Knee
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Occurred because of white settlers discomfort with the Ghost Dance
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A Century of Dishonor
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Written by Helen Hunt Jackson about the ill-treatment of Native Americans by the government
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Dawes-Severalty Act
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Split Indian land into plots to encourage Native Americans to become farmers
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Buffalo Soldiers
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Black soldiers who joined the Army and fought in the Indian Wars
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Boomtowns
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Appeared suddenly and were successfully when gold or silver were discovered nearby
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Barbed Wire
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Cheap & easy way to confine cattle in one area
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Promontory Summit
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Where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads met
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ICC
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First regulatory agency; oversaw the railroad industry
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Comstock Lode
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Largest silver find
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Half-Breeds and Stalwarts
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Name of the groups the Republican party split into in the 1870-80s.
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Populists
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New party that supported farms, regulating railroads & bimetallism
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Silverites
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Wanted to use both gold & silver to back up U.S. Greenbacks
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Cross of Gold speech
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Given by William Jennings Bryan in support of bimetallism
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Pendleton Act
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Law that replaced the spoils system with the merit system for government jobs
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horizontally integrated
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A business buy up other companies that produce the same thing they do
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vertically integrated
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A business owns every level or step of the manufacturing process
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Boss Tweed
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Ran the NY political machine from Tammany Hall
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Robber barons
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Nickname for the rich industrialists like Rockefeller & Carnegie
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Carnegie
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Made his fortune in steel manufacture, was a great philanthropist
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Rockefeller
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Made his fortune by creating a monopoly in the oil industry
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gospel of wealth
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Idea supported by Carnegie, that the wealthy had an obligation to help the poor
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Social Darwinism
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Idea that the most fit business & people would succeed and the government should not help those people or business that failed
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Gilded Age
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Nickname for the time period in the late 1800s to describe the success & poverty of the time
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Sherman Anti-trust act
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Made monopolies illegal, but was often used against unions
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Haymarket Square riot
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Made many distrust unions, Knights of Labor disappear
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AFL
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Trade union founded by Samuel Gompers
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Eugene V. Debs
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Labor activist and unsuccessful Socialist Party presidential candidate
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Ellis Island
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The entry point for immigrants coming to the U.S. via the East coast
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Tenements
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Crowded, unsafe multifamily housing in the cities near factories
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Jane Addams
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Founded Hull House to assist immigrants
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How the Other Half Lives
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Written by Jacob Riis to draw attention to the poor conditions of factory workers
