question

Chapter 3

answer

...

question

Middle Passage

answer

slaves going from Africa to the West Indies

question

Navigation Acts

answer

-gave Great Britain control of Colonial trade so they could make more money -Important because the colonies begin to question British rule

question

colonial plantation economy

answer

-New England Colonies: small farms, use what they grow -Southern Colonies: large farms, sell what they grow

question

salutary neglect

answer

British policy in early 1700s which allowed the colonies virtual self-rule (independence) as long as Great Britain was gaining economically

question

mercantilism

answer

the efforts to export more than they import

question

Enlightenment

answer

new beliefs about science; began questioning excepted beliefs about science

question

French and Indian War

answer

-colonists have a common enemy in the French and the Native Americans -trading partners and similar lifestyles -British and colonists win -British get all land from the colonies all the way to the Mississippi River -British have to pay for the war, so they raise the taxes on the colonists -Proclamation of 1763 is passed -Colonists now feel betrayed and start to question British rule once again

question

Great Awakening

answer

think different ways about religious beliefs

question

Stono Rebellion

answer

-the slaves rebelled bc they believe if they reach Spanish controlled Florida, Spanish will give then freedom (Spanish are at war with English) -SC slaves attempted to escape -fail and get executed -important bc the colonists make the Negro Act to prevent another rebellion and restrict freedom

question

Chapter 4

answer

...

question

Loyalist vs. Patriots

answer

-Loyalist: stay with Great Britain -Patriots: break away from Great Britain

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Sons of Liberty

answer

-Patriot group -want independence from Great Britain

question

Lexington and Concord

answer

-go to Lexington and Concord looking for colonial weapons -first battle of the Revolutionary War -Minute Men: colonial troops that shoot at the British

question

Common Sense

answer

-written by Thomas Paine -47 page pamphlet -Paine lays out why the colonists should be independent -writes it in common language -read by so many people -convinces so many people that independence is needed

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Declaration of Independence

answer

-written towards the king of Great Britain -written by Thomas Jefferson -said the colonists should be independent from Britain

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Battle of Trenton

answer

-colonists attack and defeat drunk Germans -first major victory for the colonists

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Battle of Saratoga

answer

-turning point of the Revolutionary War -takes place in up-state NY along the Saratoga River -colonists win and the French join the side of the colonists

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Treaty of Paris

answer

-ends the American Revolution -formally recognized the US as an independent nation

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Chapter 5

answer

...

question

Articles of Confederation (& weakness of)

answer

-first form of government -state governments got more power than the federal government because they feared a British-like government -federal government can not raise money/taxes, and can not have their own army

question

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

answer

sets the guidelines for how new states are created from territories

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federalist & antifederalist

answer

-federalist: like the new constitution -antifederalist: thought the new constitution gave too much power to the federal government

question

Three-Fifths Compromise

answer

-counted each slave as 3/5 of a person to be added to the state's free population in allocating representatives to the House of Representatives and electoral college votes -it gives more power to the southern states by giving them more representation in congress

question

separation of powers

answer

principle that divides power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government

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Bill of Rights

answer

-first 10 amendments to the Constitution -written list of freedoms guaranteed to citizens by the government -demanded by antifederalists because they said the Constitution didn't protect individual rights

question

federalism

answer

political system in which power is shared between the national government and state governments

question

Chapter 6

answer

...

question

National Bank

answer

-created by Hamilton -he wanted the federal government to control the national banking system

question

XYZ Affair

answer

-diplomatic controversy in 1798 in which 3 French officials demanded bribes of American negotiators in order to talk to them -Adams was mad and cuts off trade with the French and in preparation for war they increase the size of their military and creates a navy -this caused the Americans to dislike the French

question

Judiciary Act of 1789

answer

-passed by Madison -established a judiciary, or system of courts

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Alien and Sedition Act

answer

-gave the president authority to deport or imprison aliens that were suspected to be aiding and/or supporting the French -not allowed to speak out against the government -Republicans attempted to overturn it -went against the tradition of presuming someone's innocence until they were proven guilty -took away freedom of speech to aliens that spoke out against the government -John Adams loses the election of 1800 because people were not happy about these acts being passed

question

War of 1812

answer

-US is fighting Great Britain -no land changes -still seen as an American victory because we are able to stand up to Great Britain

question

war hawks

answer

-wanted war with Great Britain -wanted the US to take over all of Canada

question

changes to government during Jefferson's presidency

answer

-Jefferson wanted a small federal government -decreases the size of the military lowers taxes makes the whole federal government smaller

question

John Marshall & judicial review

answer

-head of Supreme Court -established judicial review -the supreme court can declare laws unconstitutional

question

Louisiana Purchase

answer

-$15 million -from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains (Mr. Mimal) -it doubles the size of the US and gives complete control over the Mississippi River

question

Chapter 7

answer

...

question

cotton gin

answer

-invented by Eli Whitney -machine that separates the seeds from cotton -makes cotton farming much easier and more profitable

question

protective tariffs

answer

-south did not like them -north liked them -made imported goods cost more

question

McCulloch vs. Maryland

answer

-McCulloch is the head of the National Bank -Maryland refused to pay tax to support the National bank -federal government laws overpowered the state government laws leading to the promotion of nationalism

question

Missouri Compromise

answer

-Missouri is a slave state -Main comes in as a free state -line drawn across the country -any new state above that line is a free state -and new state below that line is a slave state -puts of the problem of slavery to a further date

question

industries first affected by Industrial Revolution

answer

Northeaster textiles

question

nullification

answer

any state can disregard any law they thought was unconstitutional

question

Jackson & the National Bank

answer

-Jackson did not like the National Bank -believed it just helped the wealthy and hurt the poor

question

John C. Calhoun

answer

-did not get along with Jackson -disagreed over nullification

question

Whig Party

answer

-members that were mad at Democratic Republican party (Jackson) -wanted the National Bank -were mad at Jackson for vetoing its charter -destroys the economy

question

Panic of 1837

answer

-caused by Jackson hating paper money and Jackson saying only gold and silver can by used to buy land -people go to the banks and trade all of their money for gold and silver -banks run out of gold and silver so banks have to shut down

question

Chapter 8

answer

...

question

Second Great Awakening

answer

-deals with religion -based on social reform (good works to get to heaven) -it is important because it brings about new social changes because everyone is now doing good works to get to heaven

question

Transcendentalists

answer

found God in nature

question

Underground Railroad

answer

used by slaves to get to Canada to be free

question

Seneca Falls Convention

answer

-it was a women's rights convention -was run by Fredrick Douglas -Declaration of Sentiments was written based on the Declaration of Independence -this says all women should have the same rights as men -this is important because they gain property rights/land rights

question

Dorothea Dix

answer

-hospital and prison reform

question

Gag Rule

answer

-not allowed to discus ending slavery in congress

question

Horace Mann & public school movement

answer

-thought everyone had the right to go to school

question

Chapter 9

answer

...

question

John L. O'Sullivan

answer

-coined the term Manifest Destiny -God wants us to go West

question

Mormon Migration

answer

-Mormons got kicked out of Illinois because of religion and end up in Utah

question

Polk & Oregon Territory

answer

-Polk is running for president -he is going to take all of the Oregon Territory -willing to fight the British for this territory -find it too cold so just split it with the British

question

Santa Fe Trail

answer

-mainly used by traders -from Independence, MO to Sant Fe, Mexico

question

Anglos migration to Texas

answer

-wanted the available land

question

Sam Houston

answer

-first President of Texas -leader of Texas Army where they are fighting for independence from Mexico

question

results of Mexican-American War

answer

-Americans win -pay Mexico -we get Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and California

question

California gold rush

answer

-does not expand the US geographically -effects the growth of the US because a lot of people came to America looking for wealth (prominently China, but also France, Peru, and many other places) -the Western part of the US becomes more diverse, new cultures

question

Chapter 10

answer

...

question

abolition

answer

-the effort to free slaves

question

Wilmot Proviso

answer

-no slavery in new territories won from Mexico

question

Uncle Tom's Cabin

answer

-a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe -Tom is a black slave -does everything his owner tells him to do -ends up beaten to death for not telling his owner where the other slave escaped to -people in the north start to see how bad slavery really is

question

John Brown

answer

-violently against slavery, kills pro-slavery people in Kansas -tries to lead a rebellion trying to create a free society in Virginia

question

Compromise of 1850

answer

-California admitted as a free state -Texas paid $10 million by federal government for land that becomes New Mexico -Sale of slaves banned in DC -but slavery still ok -Utah and New Mexico decide about slavery by popular sovereignty -more effective Fugitive Slave Law passed -puts off the north/south fight over slavery

question

Fugitive Slave Act

answer

-part of the compromise of 1850 -Northerners must turn in any escaped slaves or anyone that you even think might be an escaped slave -biased against slaves because the judges got more money if they ruled against the slaves -also the slaves were not able to testify on their own behalf -people that used to just ignore slavery, are not forced to be against it

question

Harriet Tubman

answer

-leader of the Underground Railroad

question

Dred Scott

answer

-slave that believes he should be free because his owner moved him to a free state -the Supreme Court says no and once a slave always a slave

question

Lincoln-Douglas debates

answer

-Lincoln and Douglas are running for senator in Illinois -they are debating the issue of slavery in the territories -Douglas says popular sovereignty -Lincoln says slavery is immoral -Douglas wins the election -Lincoln gains his importance through these debates

question

Kansas-Nebreaska Act

answer

-going to decide if slavery is going to be allowed in Kansas and Nebraska through popular sovereignty -goes against Missouri Compromise -people from Missouri go across the boarder and votes in Kansas for slavery -anti-slavery people fight back through violence ("mini civil war")

question

Election of 1860

answer

-Lincoln (R) -Douglas (D) -Lincoln wins with zero southern votes (was not even on the ballet in the south) -seven southern states succeed from the Union

question

Fort Sumter

answer

-first shots of civil war fired here

question

advantages of North & South

answer

-North: -more soldiers -better political leader -more resources -transportation -South: -better military leader -more believe in what they are fighting for -fighting on their own land

question

New York draft riots

answer

-poor Irish people are rioting why are they rioting: -the rich can pay their way out of fighting -and the blacks can take their jobs

question

Battle of Gettysburg

answer

-northern victory -south will never invade the north again

question

Appomattox Court House

answer

-Civil War ends here -Lee (south) surrenders to Grant (north)

question

Vicksburg

answer

-massive Union victory -gives the Union complete control of the Mississippi River

question

Emancipation Proclamation

answer

-issued by Lincoln -ONLY frees slaves in the rebelling states

question

total war

answer

-Sherman's March -go after everything, not just soldiers -brings the war to the everyday lives of the civilians -burns bridges -destroys farms and houses of civilians

question

Thirteenth Amendment

answer

-freed all slaves

question

Chapter 12

answer

...

question

Ten Percent Plan

answer

-Lincoln's plan -10% of the people in the state had to take an oath of loyalty

question

Radical Republicans

answer

-want to punish the South -Wade-Davis (law against south) -anti-slavery -against Lincoln

question

impeachment of President Johnson

answer

-was impeached but not kicked out of office

question

post-war politics in the South

answer

-Republican party most popular -blacks now voting (vote for republican party bc it is the anti-slavery party)

question

Ku Klux Klan

answer

-stop blacks from voting

question

Southern economy post Civil War

answer

-destroyed -land is completely destroyed

question

Lincoln's goal of Reconstruction

answer

-reunite the country

question

Election of 1876

answer

-Tilden (D) -Hayes (R) -no one wins because of disputed votes -Grant appoints special "Electoral Commission" to dea with dispute -Dem. and Rep. come to a compromise: -Hayes (R) becomes President -Federal government takes troops out of the South

question

reason(s) Reconstruction ended

answer

-north doesn't want to pay to help the south anymore

question

corruption in Grant's presidency

answer

-Grant didn't accept bribes -the people he hired did -they were corrupt -sell off government land -then keep the money for themselves

question

carpetbaggers

answer

-northerners who came south after the war to take advantage of the economic opportunities

question

Essays:

answer

...

question

Explain why the American colonies sought their independence from Britain in the late 170s by discussing key economic and political reason for the discord between the two sides. Use specific facts and examples to clarify your response.

answer

-Navigation Acts: -purpose of the colonies is to make Britain money -British hate the fact that the colonies are selling goods to other countries and making their own money -create the Navigation Acts: all colonial trade must go through Great Britain -this is the first time we see the British trying to fully control the colonies and this is the first time we see the colonies questioning British rule -Salutary Neglect: -William and Mary come into rule (busy fighting France) -British policy in early 1700s which allowed the colonies virtual self-rule (independence) as long as Great Britain was gaining economically -this backfires on the British bc colonists get the thought of independence -they no longer need Britain -French and Indian War: -Colonists fight along with British against France and Indians -British later makes the colonists pay for the war (raises taxes)

question

Compare and contrast the political views of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. Use specific examples to show how each put their ideas into practice.

answer

-Jefferson: -state government should have all power -common man is smart enough, common man should vote, all men -farming based economy (agrarian beliefs) -Hamilton: -Federal government should have all power -common man can't be trusted to vote, you should have to own property to vote -urban banking, manufacturing, trading (government needs a bank run by the government- National Bank)

question

Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny. Additionally, discuss the specific events that allowed the US to expand from the thirteen original colonies to its final continental boundaries.

answer

-Manifest Destiny: -John L. O'Sullivan -God wants us to go West -Specific Events: -Economic panic of 1837: -a lot of people loose their house and go bankrupt -want to get away from that so people state going west in large numbers -Oregon Trail: -first major trail west -most used trail west -Santa Fe Trail: -used by traders who go west and interact with Natives and Mexicans -most don't stay permanently -Mormon Trail: -Mormon's going to Utah to escape from religious persecution -gold found in California -Texas: -the Mexican government gives cheap land to anglo's in the effort to get them to cultivate there -Mexican American War: -from Mexico we get California and New Mexico

question

Explain the concepts of Nationalism and Sectionalism as experienced by the growing US in the period from 1820-1860. Give two examples that illustrate nationalism, and two that illustrate sectionalism stating why each example fits the designated category.

answer

-Nationalism: -your country is more important -Ex1. Monroe Doctrine -why: President Monroe tells Britain to leave South America -Ex2. War of 1812 -why: we do not loose to Britain, we stand up to them and the US becomes an established world power -Sectionalism: -your state about national interests -Ex1. cotton gin -why: now the south has become only dependent on cotton and slavery, while the north does not rely on slavery -Ex2. tariffs-tax on imported goods -why: North likes them, South does not because goods cost more

question

Many 19th Century Americans wanted to improve their society. Name reform movements of this era and describe what some key people associated with the movements tried to accomplish.

answer

-Religious Reform: -Second Great Awakening -now you must do good deeds to get to heaven -Abolition Movement: -Harriet Tubman: underground railroad -Fredrick Douglas: believes in using passive, non-violent, political process to end slavery -John Brown: violence -Women's Movement: -Seneca Falls Convention -led by Fredrick Douglas -Declaration of Sentiments (women should have equal rights)

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