US History Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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Describe the general social structure in European society in the sixteenth century.
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-gender, wealth, inherited position, and political power affected status -hierarchical
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Describe the early 1500s, what percentage of Europe's population consisted of peasants
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75% Renaissance Period Found Ancient Greek/ Roman writings Era of Artistic Creativity Leonardo de Vinci and Michelangelo Tension Intense social and spiritual stress due to change population doubled in England Poor
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Describe how the Puritans wanted to reform the Church of England
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-insisted that membership in a congregation be limited to those who had had a conversion experience -each congregation be independent -get rid of indulgences -wanted to transform C.o.E into independent congregations of "saints" -get rid of "popish abuses"
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Describe the major difference between Separatist and non-Separatist Puritans
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Non-Separatist: remained within the Church of England, hoping to reform it Separatist: withdrew from the church
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Describe the main Puritans beliefs.
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Severe self-discipline moral uprightness
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Know and describe Prince Henry the Navigator's role in encouraging Portuguese exploration.
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-Renaissance period changed the design of the ship =Prince Henry led Portugal to be the first nation to capitalize on new developments -gained support of merchants -encouraged seamen to travel along African Coast
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Know and describe the West African empires prior to 1600
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-known for trade and wealth -Mali was leading power -Lots of gold
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Know and describe key features of African and Indian religions
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emphasized importance of believers' continuous revelations as sources of spiritual truth explained misfortunes in terms of witchcraft
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Know and describe how Hernán Cortés was able to manipulate to gain and maintain control of the Aztec empire
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-led 600 troops towards Mexican Coast -raided palace/treasury -melted down all gold -imprisoned emperor -Finally defeated Aztecs through the small pox epidemic
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Know and describe the sixteenth-century European religious groups that were the most socially and politically radical
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-Anabaptists -appealed strongly to women and common people -criticized rich -restricted baptisms to converted adults
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Know and describe the legacy of the Reformation
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-Catholic Church= corrupt -Indulgences- skip Purgatory, ticket to Heaven -Martin Luther- attacked Church's actions -Protestant Reformers followed Luther in breaking away from Church, for example: John Calvin -Faith spread by printing press -Reformation changed religious map of Europe
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Know and describe why John Rolfe was important to the eventual success of the Jamestown settlement
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-Learned how to grow tobacco -Exported large amounts of tobacco to Europe -Laborers came to work plantations= large profit
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Know and describe the problems that could be seen in English society in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
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-75% of Europeans were peasants -Starvation caused by taxes, rents, other dues -Peasant revolts -Rise in population -Crops failed and less abundant, hunger, malnutrition, and famine spread -Deforestation -Towns- dirty and disease-ridden -High unemployment
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Know and describe the development of the maritime revolution of the fifteenth century
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-Triangular Arab sail -more maneuverable ships -Caravel -mastered compass and astrolabe
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Know and describe the nations that led the way in exploration in the fifteenth century
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-Portugal led the way in exploration -Led by Prince Henry "the Navigator" -Europeans merchants- could enhance profits by circumventing costly Mediterranean-overland trade routes to and from Asia and Africa (reword) -Prince Henry and Portuguese seamen traveled southward along African coast, searching for opportunity to trade/raid -Portugal- exporting large quantities of gold and slaves -1488- Bartolomeu Dias reached Cape of Good Hope -A decade later- Vasco de Gama led fleet around Cape of God Hope to India -Showed a way around Africa to Asia
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Know and describe the fifteenth-century slave trade
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-Two forms- 1)indebtedness 2) traded or captured -Portuguese merchants traded slaves/local products to Africans for gold -kings of Kongo- expanded regional power and adopted Christianity -12 million Africans shipped overseas -Slaves= dehumanization -Regarded as property in Europe -In Arab lands- harsher conditions, regarded as humans
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Know and describe how the European slavery that arose in the fifteenth century differed from other forms of European slavery
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-resulted in catastrophe for West Africa and its people -12 million slaves shipped overseas -Dehumanization -Regarded as property J-ustified slavery as their Christian duty
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Know and describe the background of Christopher Columbus
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-son of a weaver from Italian port of Genoa -Maritime experience -Self-taught geographical learning -keen imagination -Concluded that Europeans could reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic, obsessed with idea -Dreamt of spreading Christianity and liberating Jerusalem -Ambition for wealth and glory
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Know and describe Jacques Cartier and his exploration of the New World
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-Sailed the coasts of Newfoundland, Quebec, and Nova Scotia -Sailed up St. Lawrence River and to present-day Montreal -Encountered Native Americans, no gold or northwest passage -France tried to colonize when Cartier returned to St. Lawrence Valley -earned Native Americans' distrust -construction of a fortified settlement on Stadacona Indian land
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Know and describe the aspects of the Columbian exchange
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-exchanges between Old & New World -Introduced plants, animals, food, and disease to each other -Religion and ideas were transferred
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Know and describe the Spanish conquests in the Western Hemisphere
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-Christopher Columbus- first conquistador, America's first slave trader, started gold rush -Hernán Cortés- Defeated Aztec empire in 1521, Loco for that mineral (gold) -Francisco Pizzaro- overthrew Inca empire
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Know and describe the primary object of Spanish explorers in the New World.
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-Gold, they wanted money and wealth for the Spanish empire -Primarily they expected Christopher Columbus to find a new route for Spice from Asia -Glory to Spain -God, spreading Catholicism around the world
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Know and describe the first permanent European settlement on future United States soil
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-St. Augustine Florida -Was first for a military strong hold -base for chain of Catholic missions
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Know and describe where the French attempted to make their first settlement in North America.
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-Stadacona land was used (near Quebec city) -The Stadacona attacked the French -The next two years many lives were lost from attacks and the winter
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In the 1570s, know and describe what were England's objectives in the Western Hemisphere.
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-Find the northwest passage to Asia -Discover gold
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Know and describe the leading empires in West Africa in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries
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-Mali was the leading power with their brass copper, cloth, spices, manufactured goods, and Arabian horses -Kongo was most powerful inland on the Congo river with gold
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Know and describe who was considered a sea dog.
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Sea dogs ran English privateers (armed pirates) This was part of an anti-Spanish policy They also wanted to over throw Catholicism for "true Christianity)
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Know and describe how the Renaissance encouraged exploration.
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The Renaissance encouraged a new generation of learning bringing back interest in learning. Art also became more valuable leading to people exploring to learn more and become "civilized"
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Know and describe the main problems that crippled the Roanoke colony
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-The people became nervous about the natives and killed their leader Wingina -The Spanish then prevented supplies from reaching Roanoke -The fate is still unknown
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Know and describe what was European reciprocity
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Wealthy higher class needs self restraint and dignity lower class shows deference to their betters
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Know and describe the reasons why Captain John Smith succeeded in Jamestown where others had failed
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-He created peace with the natives and was able to share food with them -John Smith then helped the Powhatans defeat rival tribes -created discipline
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According to Martin Luther, know and describe what is the basis of a person's salvation.
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-God bestowed salvation solely to reward a believers' faith -Not bestowed on the basis of worldly deeds
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Know and describe how the early English efforts at settlements were paid for
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Joint-stock companies
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Know and describe who broke with the Catholic Church and persuaded Parliament to create the Church of England.
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Henry the eighth wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Argon due to wanting a male heir, the pope refused so Henry began his own church with him as head
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Know and describe the purposes of the settlement at Plymouth Plantation.
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to send back lumber furs and fish to Weston in England in 7 years
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Know and describe the Mayflower Compact.
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-It set rules for the new colony Plymouth and all men were expected to sign it before setting foot on the land -It made a government and gave the land to King James
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Know and describe the Spanish conquistadors that explored parts of what became North America
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-Columbus was America's first slave trader/ first Spanish conquistador -Hernan Cortes: led six hundred troops to Mexican coast; took over Aztec Empire -Francisco Pizarro: Conquered Inca empire
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Know and describe who Virginia relied on for most of its labor in its initial years as a colony
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-Expected Native Americans to feed them -Indians sold colonists corn, but supplies ran low -John Smith and soldiers attempted to steal corn
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Know and describe how Governor Francis Wyatt waged the Second Anglo-Powhatan War
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-inflicted widespread starvation -conducted winter campaigns to drive Indians outs from their homes
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Know and describe the key aspects of Britain's Queen Elizabeth I.
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-Brought back the the protestant church after bloody Mary and allowed for more freedom in the practicing of religion -She used to distrust the Puritans but then when the pope called her a heretic she became more weary of the English Catholics -Sent out the Roanoke expedition
