Question 1

Personality is best defined as an individual\'s a. characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. b. most noticeable characteristics. c. biologically inherited temperament.

Accepted Answer

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Question 2

Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distinctive a. reaction formation. b. collective unconscious. e. personality.

Accepted Answer

personality.

Question 3

The belief that some distressing physical symptoms could not be readily explained in terms of neurological impairments contributed most directly to a. Gordon Allport\'s interest in personality traits. b. Sigmund Freud\'s interest in unconscious conflicts. c. Abraham Maslow\'s interest in self-actualization.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud\'s interest in unconscious conflicts.

Question 4

Prior to his use of free association, Freud had encouraged patients to retrieve their forgotten memories by means of a. hypnosis. b. projective tests. c. psychoactive drugs.

Accepted Answer

hypnosis.

Question 5

Free association is central to the process of a. factor analysis. b. self-serving bias. c. psychoanalysis.

Accepted Answer

psychoanalysis.

Question 6

According to Freud, the unconscious is a. the part of personality that cannot process information. b. the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are largely unaware. d. a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.

Accepted Answer

a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.

Question 7

According to Freud, thoughts that are too unsettling for people to acknowledge are a. manifest contents. b. self-serving biases. c. repressed.

Accepted Answer

repressed.

Question 8

Who emphasized that slips of the tongue often reveal the personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders? b. Sigmund Freud c. Albert Bandura e. Carl Jung

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud

Question 9

Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his patients\' dreams? a. fixation c. projective testing d. free association

Accepted Answer

free association

Question 10

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.  c. identity d. pleasure  e. ego

Accepted Answer

pleasure

Question 11

According to Freud\'s theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by c. the superego. d. the id. e. anal instincts.

Accepted Answer

the id.

Question 12

The pleasure principle is to the ________ as the reality principle is to the ________. a. oral stage; anal stage b. id; superego c. id; ego

Accepted Answer

id; superego

Question 13

freud suggested that in a healthy person the. b. ego is stronger than the id and superego. d. superego and id are equally strong. e. id, ego, and superego are equally strong.

Accepted Answer

ego is stronger than the id and superego.

Question 14

anine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine\'s c. superego. d. inferiority complex. e. self-concept.

Accepted Answer

superego.

Question 15

When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a a. weak superego. d. strong ego. e. weak collective unconscious.

Accepted Answer

strong ego.

Question 16

According to Freud, understanding how the id, ego, and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of a. self-actualization. b. the collective unconscious. d. motivational conflict.

Accepted Answer

motivational conflict.

Question 17

Saeb is a high school senior. He impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on his girlfriend and his car. Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n) a. strong ego. b. inferiority complex. e. weak superego.

Accepted Answer

weak superego.

Question 18

Freud suggested that pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various a. defense mechanisms. b. psychosexual stages. c. free associations.

Accepted Answer

psychosexual stages.

Question 19

During the early psychosexual stages, the id\'s psychic energy is focused on a. free associations. b. defense mechanisms. c. erogenous zones. d. attributional styles. e. complexes.

Accepted Answer

erogenous zones

Question 20

Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development. c. latency  d. oral e. fixation

Accepted Answer

latency

Question 21

According to Freud, our gender identity develops most rapidly during the ________ stage.  a. anal b. phallic c. genital

Accepted Answer

genital

Question 22

A boy\'s sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called b. the Oedipus complex. c. reciprocal determinism. e. displacement.

Accepted Answer

the Oedipus complex.

Question 23

Freud suggested that a boy\'s identification with his father during the phallic stage illustrates the process of a. unconditional positive regard. d. conflict resolution. e. collective unconscious

Accepted Answer

conflict resolution.

Question 24

Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to a. reciprocal determinism. b. the self-reference phenomenon. e. fixation.

Accepted Answer

fixation.

Question 25

According to psychoanalytic theory, boys\' fear of castration is most closely associated with a. an oral fixation. d. the Oedipus complex. e. the genital stage.

Accepted Answer

the Oedipus complex.

Question 26

Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as c. fixation. d. displacement. e. repression.

Accepted Answer

fixation.

Question 27

according to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the a. id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego. b. ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized. e. unconscious to avoid the self-serving bias.

Accepted Answer

ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.

Question 28

freud suggested that a man\'s inability to remember his childhood Oedipus complex illustrates  b. fixation. c. repression. e. projection.

Accepted Answer

repression.

Question 29

For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of c. reaction formation. d. regression. e. projection.

Accepted Answer

regression.

Question 30

Frank refuses to believe that he is addicted to drugs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. He is most clearly demonstrating the defense mechanism of a. displacement. d. denial. e. repression.

Accepted Answer

denial.

Question 31

Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to a. reaction formation. b. regression. c. learned helplessness.

Accepted Answer

regression.

Question 32

Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates a. fixation. c. projection. d. displacement.

Accepted Answer

projection.

Question 33

Which defense mechanism involves the conscious expression of feelings that are the opposite of unconscious feelings? a. regression d. reaction formation e. displacement

Accepted Answer

reaction formation

Question 34

Although Eduardo has repressed his own homosexual desires, he is distressed by a false suspicion that many men frequently stare lustfully at his body. According to psychoanalytic theory, Eduardo\'s thinking best illustrates b. regression. c. projection. e. rationalization.

Accepted Answer

projection.

Question 35

Displacement refers to the process by which people a. offer self-justifying explanations in place of real, but unacceptable, unconscious reasons for action. d. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development. e. redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets.

Accepted Answer

redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets.

Question 36

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people a. disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others. b. consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses. e. banish anxiety-producing wishes from our conscious mind.

Accepted Answer

consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.

Question 37

after an argument with your little brother, you slam the door to your bedroom instead of hitting him. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism? c. displacement. d. denial. e. sublimation.

Accepted Answer

displacement.

Question 38

Which of the following is the best definition of the defense mechanism sublimation? c. disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others d. creating self-justifying explanations that hide the reasons behind our actions e. the transformation of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motivations

Accepted Answer

the transformation of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motivations

Question 39

Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who coined the term a. oral fixation. b. reciprocal determinism. c. inferiority complex.

Accepted Answer

inferiority complex.

Question 40

Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from a. an Electra complex. d. feelings of inferiority. e. the Barnum effect.

Accepted Answer

feelings of inferiority.

Question 41

Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud\'s assumption that women a. have weak superegos. b. suffer an Electra complex. e. never experience a phallic stage of development.

Accepted Answer

have weak superegos.

Question 42

Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the b. defense mechanism. c. collective unconscious. e. external locus of control.

Accepted Answer

collective unconscious.

Question 43

Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development? a. Carl Jung b. Alfred Adler c. Karen Horney

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung

Question 44

A psychodynamic psychologist would find objective tests, such as true-false questionnaires, inadequate as assessment tools because these tests b. are based on intuition. d. reveal only conscious motivations. e. are typically invalid.

Accepted Answer

reveal only conscious motivations.

Question 45

Projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective. a. social-cognitive b. psychoanalytic e. empirical

Accepted Answer

psychoanalytic

Question 46

The Thematic Apperception Test requires people to respond to b. ambiguous pictures. c. unfamiliar melodies. d. meaningless inkblots.

Accepted Answer

ambiguous pictures.

Question 47

The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to c. meaningless inkblots. d. incomplete sentences. e. objective questions.

Accepted Answer

. meaningless inkblots.

Question 48

Contemporary psychologists are LEAST likely to agree with Freud\'s belief that a. conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex. b. conscious awareness of our own mental processes is very limited. e. sexual experiences and thoughts influence development.

Accepted Answer

conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex.

Question 49

Which of the following Freudian ideas is most clearly contradicted by contemporary psychological theory and research? a. Conscious awareness of what goes on in our minds is very limited. b. Painful experiences are commonly repressed. e. Sexual impulses are involved in personality development.

Accepted Answer

Painful experiences are commonly repressed.

Question 50

Survivors\' vivid memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud\'s concept of a. fixation. b. repression. c. the Oedipus complex.

Accepted Answer

repression.

Question 51

Which of the following Freudian ideas is most consistent with contemporary psychological research findings? a. The conscience is largely formed in the process of resolving the Oedipus complex. d. Conscious awareness of what goes on in our own minds is very limited. e. Children mature through distinct psychosexual stages.

Accepted Answer

Conscious awareness of what goes on in our own minds is very limited.

Question 52

Compared with Freud, contemporary research psychologists are LESS likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics as involving a. parallel processing. b. repressive censoring. c. implicit memory.

Accepted Answer

repressive censoring.

Question 53

Freud\'s concept of projection is most similar to what today\'s researchers call the a. spotlight effect. b. false consensus effect. c. inferiority complex.

Accepted Answer

false consensus effect.

Question 54

According to terror-management theory, anxiety about our own mortality motivates our pursuit of a. self-esteem. c. reciprocal determinism. d. the collective unconscious.

Accepted Answer

self-esteem.

Question 55

Which theory has been most severely criticized for offering after-the-fact explanations without advancing testable predictions? a. humanistic theory b. trait theory c. psychoanalytic theory

Accepted Answer

psychoanalytic theory

Question 56

Which perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization? c. humanistic d. trait e. terror-management

Accepted Answer

humanistic

Question 57

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for c. self-actualization. d. unconditional positive regard. e. an internal locus of control.

Accepted Answer

self-actualization.

Question 58

Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are especially likely to a. demonstrate the spotlight effect. b. be open and spontaneous. c. avoid political disagreements.

Accepted Answer

be open and spontaneous.

Question 59

Maslow studied the lives of exceptional, healthy, and creative people such as Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt. For this reason, his theories could be criticized for a. lacking validity. b. decreased reliability. c. reduced generalizability.

Accepted Answer

reduced generalizability.

Question 60

Carl Rogers believed that in order to be a fully-functioning individual, you must a. have a strong ego. c. challenge your feelings of inferiority. d. receive unconditional positive regard.

Accepted Answer

receive unconditional positive regard.

Question 61

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as a. the spotlight effect. b. unconditional positive regard. c. self-actualization.

Accepted Answer

unconditional positive regard.

Question 62

Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by b. unconditional positive regard. c. reciprocal determinism. d. free association.

Accepted Answer

unconditional positive regard.

Question 63

Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between a. manifest content and latent content. b. the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious. c. the actual self and the ideal self.

Accepted Answer

the actual self and the ideal self.

Question 64

Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague and subjective? b. humanistic theorists c. social-cognitive theorists d. terror-management theorists

Accepted Answer

humanistic theorists

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