Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction Study Guide – Flashcards
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chromosomes
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made of DNA
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two
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number of haploid cells formed at the end of meiosis
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anaphase II
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chromatids separate
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prophase I
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crossing over occurs
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gene
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segment of DNA that controls the production of proteins
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a series of enzymes
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monitors a cell's progress from phase to phase
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centromere
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attaches chromatid to spindle fiber; holds sister chromatids together
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crossing over
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homologous chromosomes exchanging parts; produced greater variation of offspring;
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sperm
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gamete that contains genes from the male; male reproductive cell
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egg
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gamete that contains genes from the female; female reproductive cell
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alleles
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alternate forms of a trait
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chromatin
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tangled strands of DNA wrapped up around a protein; DNA in a cell that is not undergoing mitosis; cannot be viewed under microscope
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chromosome
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chromatin that has shortened and thickened during prophase - can be viewed under microscope
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mitosis
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the cell's nucleus divides; one parent cell produces two daughter cells; produces body cells
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meiosis
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process of producing sex cells; one parent cell produces four haploid gametes; produces gametes
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cytokinesis
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the cytoplasm divides; final stage of the cell cycle
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sister chromatids
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two identical chromosomes attached together by a centromere during prophase until they are separated during anaphase
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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correct order of mitosis
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2
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number of cells formed at the end of the cell cycle
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nucleus
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part of the cell in which the DNA is found
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tetrad
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name of the four chromatids of a homologous pair
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46
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number of chromosomes a normal human has
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23
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number of pairs of chromosomes a normal human has
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cell division
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the process in which two new cells are produced from one
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cell cycle
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the sequence of events during the growth and division of a cell
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centrioles
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structures in animals cells that help separate sister chromatids during mitosis
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cell plate
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a structure that serves to separate a plant cell into two cells after mitosis is complete
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tumor
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masses of tissue that deprive normal cells of nutrients
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cancer
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uncontrolled cell division; directly affects mitosis
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metastasis
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the spread of cancer cells throughout the body
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diploid cell
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a cell with two of each kind of chromosome; a body cell; has the normal number of chromosomes
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haploid cell
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a cell with one of each kind of chromosome; has half the number of chromosomes a body cell has
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gametes
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sex cells produced through meiosis
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homologous chromosomes
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two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell
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4
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number of haploid cells at the end of meiosis;
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4
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number of stages in mitosis
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8
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number of stages in meiosis
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sexual reproduction
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the fusion of gametes; results in a greater variation of offspring compared to asexual reproduction, none are identical; requires two parents;
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asexual reproduction
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results in a large number of identical cells; only requires one parent (cloning);
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nondisjunction
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the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly
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disjunction
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the separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis
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trisomy
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the presence of an extra chromosome in an organism
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monosomy
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the absence of a chromosome in an organism
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down syndrome
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a human that has and extra chromosome 21
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interphase
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longest part of the cell cycle; cell growth and DNA replication occur; cell grows and chromosomes are duplicated; G1, S, G2 phases of the cell cycle
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G1
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part of interphase in which the cell grows and develops
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S
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part of interphase in which the DNA (chromosomes) are duplicated
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G2
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part of interphase in which the cell continues to grow, organelles double in number, cell prepares to divide
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prophase
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chromatin condenses to form chromosomes; nuclear membrane disappears;
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metaphase
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chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell
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anaphase
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centromeres split and chromatids separate, this occurs one in mitosis
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telophase
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new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes; two new nuclei form around chromatids; final phase of mitosis
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zygote
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a fertilized egg cell; has the normal number of chromosomes-humans 46;
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how mitosis and meiosis differ
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meiosis results in cells with half the normal number of chromosomes, 4 gametes for every parent cell, twice the stages,
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sex chromosomes
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chromosomes that determine if an organism is male or female; humans have one pair; XX-girl, XY-boy
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how plant and animal cytokinesis differ
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plant cells form a cell plate, animal cells form a cleavage (furrow) and pinch in two; animal cells have centrioles to help organize spindle fibers, plant cells do not
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binary fission
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a single prokaryotic cell (bacterium) undergoes mitosis and splits into two; asexual reproduction of bacteria
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stages of cell division
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mitosis and cytokinesis
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regeneration
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part of the organism detaches and grows a new organism; sea star
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fragmentation
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a small part of an organisms is broken off, but a new part is grown; hydra,
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parthenogenesis
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an unfertilized egg develops into an adult organisms; honey bee drones
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autosomes
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body cells
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2n
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normal number of chromosomes; produced by mitosis; found in body cells
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n
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half the number of chromosomes; produced by meiosis; found in sex cells;
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spermatogenesis
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the production of sperm cells
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oogenesis
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the production of egg cells
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spore
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reproductive cell that is protected by a tough outer wall; fungi
