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Absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV sought control over the state because:

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the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were times of great disorder in Europe.

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According to the justification given for absolutism, the fundamental basis for order and justice in the world is:

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obedience.

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After obtaining their independence, the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic:

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established a general assembly known as the States General.

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By 1688, England had arrived at a kind of constitutional settlement but it was still grappling with two key questions, one of which was:

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should Charles II be restored as king of England.

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Colbert's mercantilist policies were designed to:

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develop economic power to strengthen royal government.

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During the 1670s, England's powerful elites divided into two factions. One was the Tories, who were:

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political supporters of Charles II and the monarchy.

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French colonies in North America were intended to be trading centers and:

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military outposts.

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In Holland, a steward known as the stadtholder assisted the government. This office commonly was held by:

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the princes of the House of Orange.

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Guided by the powerful merchant families, the Dutch Republic was able for some time to:

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establish a highly profitable trading empire.

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In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that:

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legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

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In order to strengthen the French navy, Colbert pursued a mercantilist policy that

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established a number of industries associated with naval construction within France itself to make sure France would be self-sufficient in naval stores.

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In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that was strengthened by:

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claims of divine right.

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One tenet of mercantilism was the:

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reduction of imports and an increase in exports.

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The League of Augsburg originally was intended to:

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resist the expansionist policies of Louis XIV.

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The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) altered the balance of power in Europe by:

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giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World.

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The War of the Spanish Succession was fought when the Spanish king, _________, died without an heir.

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Charles II

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The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as:

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highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

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The power of the Ottomans in Europe declined significantly after:

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their failed assault on Vienna in 1683.

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The relatively peaceful transfer of power to William and Mary and the establishment of a mixed monarchy are often referred to as:

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the "Glorious Revolution."

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The wars of Louis XIV:

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were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.

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Which of the following countries developed into an autocracy during the early modern period but also underwent a process of modernization and westernization?

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Russia

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According to the Ptolemaic system, all celestial bodies were put in motion by:

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the prime mover.

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As a result of the scientific revolution:

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science became a distinct branch of knowledge unto itself.

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Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model had been contradicted by empirical evidence discovered and proposed several hundred years B.C.E. by:

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Aristarchus.

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Francis Bacon was very concerned that:

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deferring to ancient and accepted knowledge could block innovation and obscure understanding.

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In 1638, Galileo published his book Two New Sciences, which, among other things, helped redefine the science of:

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physics.

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It was Isaac Newton's invention of the ___________ that earned him election to the Royal Society in 1672.

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reflecting telescope

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Johannes Kepler believed that _________ was God's language.

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mathematics

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Johannes Kepler built on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe, to:

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correct two of Copernicus's assumptions concerning planetary motion.

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One of the early experimenters in chemistry using empirical laws based on evidence was the Englishman:

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Robert Boyle.

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One of the key ingredients of science is:

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a body of knowledge.

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Promoting the evolution of science and sustaining the scientific revolution were:

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societies and institutions dedicated to science.

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René Descartes is most known for his work:

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A Discourse on Method.

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Renaissance humanists helped lay the foundation for the scientific revolution by recovering the works of Greek philosophers such as ___________, who argued that the world operated according to mechanical forces best understood through mathematics.

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Archimedes

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Renaissance intellectuals often needed tools and machines to enhance their observations. During this period, collaboration between intellectuals and ___________________ flourished.

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artisans

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Some of the most groundbreaking work on the nature of optics and white light was done by:

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Isaac Newton.

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The Neoplatonists contributed to the progress of the scientific revolution by:

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searching for the ideal structures in nature that would indicate God's plan and design.

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The Renaissance also gave rise to a vogue for ______, which laid more social and intellectual groundwork for the scientific revolution.

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alchemy and astrology

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The humanists of the late Renaissance disseminated ancient texts that encouraged study and debate. This dispersal was facilitated by:

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the widespread use of the printing press.

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The intellectual and research approach that starts with specific observations and then produces general conclusions is called:

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inductive reasoning

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The primary target of Descartes's philosophical method was:

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skepticism over the existence of God.

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The scientific revolution established new methods of investigating the world, including:

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the testing of hypotheses.

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The scientific revolution itself and its results:

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were slow in being popularly understood and accepted.

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To proceed logically from one certainty to another is to practice:

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deductive reasoning

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Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that:

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he did not believe the earth orbited the sun.

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_________ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe.

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Nicholas Copernicus

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A philosophe, as the term was used in the Enlightenment, can be defined as an individual who was a/an

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freethinker.

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A print culture began to grow significantly during the eighteenth century, which helped usher in possibly the first daily newspapers in ___________ in 1702.

answer

London

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According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, people were born into a state of natural freedom, but

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private property had profoundly corrupted the "social contract."

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Although the philosophes condemned slavery, they did not argue for its immediate abolition and used many different means of avoiding the issue. One of their number, _________, exposed the hypocrisy of this approach by wondering how the Europeans would view slavery if they themselves were being enslaved.

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Voltaire

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Closely following news of the voyages of discovery, one Enlightenment thinker, _______________, believed that the Tahitians best represented humanity in its natural state.

answer

Denis Diderot

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Concentrated first in northwestern Europe, an exploding consumer economy developed. The fastest-growing sector of the eighteenth-century economy in Britain was

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the service sector.

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Deists believed that

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God created the universe and then just let it run on its own.

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During the eighteenth century, all the economic developments and the development of a much expanded consumer culture contributed to a widely held view that

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everyone was living in a time of change.

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In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu argued

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in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that

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women should be raised to please men and be dependent to them.

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One of the key cultural developments that made the Enlightenment possible was

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a certain level of prosperity and and a core group of urbanites who could read.

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Probably the most famous of the philosophes was Voltaire, whose attitude toward injustice, fanaticism, and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762. The defendant in this case was

answer

Jean Calas.

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The Enlightenment was not confined to any single area of human endeavor, but was evident in the science, music, and politics of the age. Some scientific thinkers were politically conservative, whereas some political thinkers were truly radical in their views. Among this radical group was

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

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The eighteenth-century Enlightenment produced an elite, or high, culture that was typified by

answer

its cosmopolitan nature and the evolution of public opinion.

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Various societies and venues such as coffeehouses arose to break the monopoly of elites over public discussion. Among these venues were

answer

salons.

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With the rise in literacy and the growth of the book business in the eighteenth century, censorship

answer

arguably kept books out of hands of the poor.

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