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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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psychotherapy integration

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attempts to combine a selection of assorted techniques into a single, coherent system

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psychotherapy

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a treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth; usually used to treat depression or anxiety (learning-related disorders)

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psychoanalysis

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Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretation of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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latent content

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a dream's underlying but censored meaning

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dream analysis

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suggesting a dream's meaning

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transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

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psychodynamic therapy

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therapy deriving from psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

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interpersonal psychotherapy

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a brief (12 to 16-session) variation of psychodynamic therapy; has been effective in treating depression; aims to help people gain insight into roots of their problems; goal is symptom relief in the here and now, not overall personality change; therapist focuses primarily on current relationships and helping people improve their social skills

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insight therapies

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a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

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client-centered therapy

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate client's growth. (Also called person-centered therapy)

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active listening

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empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

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unconditional positive regard

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a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior; doubt the power of self-awareness because you can be aware of why you are anxious and still not feel better

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counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behavior; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

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exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

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systematic desensitization

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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias Ex. Boy afraid of rabbit. Repeatedly exposed to rabbit in pleasant circumstances and eventually not afraid of rabbit

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progressive relaxation

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a method used by therapists in which the therapist trains you to relax one muscle group after another, until you achieve a drowsy state of complete relaxation and comfort. Then asked, with eyes closed, to remember mildly-anxiety arousing situation. If causes any anxiety, signal to therapist and go back to relaxation. After progress up anxiety hierarchy, start doing real situations

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virtual reality exposure therapy

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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

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harmless stimulus

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substituting a positive (relaxed) response for a negative (fearful) response

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aversive conditioning

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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as alcohol) Ex. nasty-tasting nail polish to stop nail biting

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behavior modification

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reinforcing desired behaviors, and withholding reinforcement or enacting punishment for undesired behaviors; works well for people with autism and Down syndrome

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token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later trade the tokens for various privileges or treats; used when praise isn't enough

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of acting and thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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stress inoculation training

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Meichenbaum's therapy in which people are taught to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

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cognitive-behavioral therapy

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a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) Ex. person with fear of social situations may learn new ways of thinking and also practice approaching other people

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family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behavior as influenced by, or directed at, other family members; therapists work with family to improve family relationships and mobilize family resources

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randomized clinical trials

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researchers randomly assign people on a waiting list to therapy or to no therapy and later evaluate everyone using tests and reports of people who don't know whether therapy was given

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meta-analysis

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a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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placebo effect

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if you think a treatment is going to be successful, it may turn out to be successful because of your expectations

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regression toward the mean

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the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

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energy therapies

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manipulate people's invisible energy fields; should be avoided

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recovered-memory therapies

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unearth "repressed memories" of early child abuse; should be avoided

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rebirthing therapies

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engage people in reenacting the supposed trauma of their birth; should be avoided

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facilitated communication

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assistant touches the typing hand of a child with autism; should be avoided

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crisis debriefing

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forces people to verbalize, rehearse, and "process" their traumatic experiences; should be avoided

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evidence-based practice

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clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

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eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

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developed by Francine Shapiro; have people imagine traumatic scenes while therapist triggers eye movement, supposedly allowing them to unlock and reprocess frozen memories; skeptics argue that what is therapeutic is combination of exposure therapy and a robust placebo effect, not eye movement

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seasonal affective disorder

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depression associated with dark, cold winter; usually affects women and those living further from the equator

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therapeutic alliance

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emotional bond between client and therapist; key aspect of effective therapy

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biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system; only psychiatrists can issue

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psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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double-blind procedure

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neither staff nor patients know which group is getting the drug and which group is getting the placebo

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psychoses

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disordered delusions or hallucinations indicate some loss of contact with reality

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antipsychotic drugs

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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder; most similar enough to dopamine to occupy its receptors and block its activity; can produce sluggishness, twitches, and tremors which are side effects of having too little dopamine Ex. chlopromazine (Thorazine)

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tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

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atypical antipsychotics

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target both dopamine and serotonin receptors; helps alleviate negative symptoms, sometimes enabling "awakenings" in these individuals

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antianxiety drugs

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drugs used to control anxiety and agitation; depressed central nervous system activity Ex. Xanax, Ativan

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D-cycloserine

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new antianxiety drug that acts upon a receptor that facilitates the extinction of learned fears; enhances the benefits of exposure therapy and helps relieve symptoms of PTSD and OCD

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antidepressant drugs

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drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of neurotransmitters; increase availability of norepinephrine or serotonin

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selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs)

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antidepressant drugs such as Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil that slow the synaptic vacuuming up of serotonin by partially blocking reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses; potential side effects: dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, dizzy spells

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neurogenesis

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birth of new brain cells, perhaps reversing stress-induced loss of neurons; possible reason for delay in effects of antidepressant drugs

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spontaneous recovery

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return to normal after depression

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lithium

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can be an effective mood stabilizer for those experiencing the highs and lows of bipolar disorder

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Depakote

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used to treat manic episodes of bipolar disorder

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

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psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior; least used biomedical intervention

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lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

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therapeutic life-style change

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concept applied by Stephen Ilardi and colleagues that human brains and bodies were designed for physical activity and social engagement -aerobic exercise: 30 min a day, at least three times weekly -adequate sleep: 7-8 hrs a night -light exposure: 30 min with light box each morning -social connection: less alone time and at least two meaningful social engagements each week -anti-rumination: identifying and redirecting negative thoughts -nutritional supplements: daily fish oil supplements and omega-3 fatty acids

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resilience

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the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

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classical conditioning

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The techniques of counterconditioning are based on principles of a. observational learning. b. classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. behavior modification.

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cognitive therapy

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Which form of therapy is most likely to be successful in treating depression? a. behavior modification b. psychoanalysis c. cognitive therapy d. humanistic therapy

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an understandable response to stressful social conditions

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A psychotherapist who believes that the best way to treat psychological disorders is to prevent them from developing would be MOST likely to view disordered behavior as a. maladaptive thoughts and actions. b. expressions of unconscious conflicts. c. conditioned responses. d. an understandable response to stressful social conditions.

Unit 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders – Flashcards

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