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Psychological disorder

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deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

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Attention-deficit Hyperactivity disorder

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an inability to pay attention, often with hyperactivity and poor impulse control, ADHD is often diagnosed in children younger than 7. It interferes with home life, schoolwork, or other functions

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Medical model

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the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.

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DSM-IV-TR

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the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems, A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems

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Anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling of light-headedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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phobia

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an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

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post-traumatic stress disorder

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened

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somatoform disorders

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disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

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conversion disorder

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a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

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dissociative disorders

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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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antisocial personality disorder

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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

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hypochondriasis

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chronic and abnormal anxiety about imaginary symptoms and ailments

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dissociative identity disorder

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a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

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mood disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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major depressive disorders

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A mood disorders in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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mania

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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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schizophrenia

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any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact

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hallucinations

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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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personality disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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psychotherapy

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the treatment of mental or emotional problems by psychological means

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delusions

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false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality

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psychoanalysis

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Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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resistance

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(psychiatry) an unwillingness to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

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transference

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(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another

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Countertransference

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the psychoanalyst's displacement of emotion onto the patient or more generally the psychoanalyst's emotional involvement in the therapeutic interaction

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Psychodynamic therapy

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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

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Insight therapies

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a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

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Client-centered therapy

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A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way.

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Active listening

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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

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Unconditional positive regard

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according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

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Behavior therapy

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psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior

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Counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

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Exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

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Systematic desensitization

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a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

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Virtual reality exposure therapy

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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

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Aversive conditioning

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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

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Token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

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Cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

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A treatment designed to identify and change self-defeating thoughts that lead to anxiety and other symptoms of disorder

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Family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

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Regression toward the mean

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the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

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Meta-analysis

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provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion

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Evidence-based practice

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clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

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Biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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Antipsychotic drugs

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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

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Tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

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Antianxiety drugs

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drugs which relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness, e.g., Valium and Xanax and other drugs in the benzodiazepine family, also known as tranquilizers

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Antidepressant drugs

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drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety; different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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Psychosurgery

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brain surgery on human patients intended to relieve severe and otherwise intractable mental or behavioral problems. (change behavior)

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Lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

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Insanity

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a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to the condition of the mind

Unit 12 and 13b – Abnormal Psychology and Treatment – Flashcards

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