Ultimate chemistry Study Cards – Flashcards
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| Chemistry |
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| Science that describes matter |
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| Matter |
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| has mass and occupies space |
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| Energy |
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| capacity to do work |
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| Exothermic |
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| heat released |
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| Endothermic |
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| heat absorbed |
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| Kinetic Energy |
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| energy due to motion |
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| Potential Energy |
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| stored energy |
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| Compound |
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| combination of 2 or more elements |
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| Elements |
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| a pure substance that can not be broken down |
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| What is the simplest unit in an element? |
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| An atom/molecule |
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| Polyatomic molecule |
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| many atom molecule |
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| What are the three states of matter? |
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| solid, liquid, gas |
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| What constitutes a physical change? |
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| phase changes: melting, freezing,evaporation, boiling, condensation, sublimation, deposition, |
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| What constitutes a chemical change? |
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| When it becomes a whole different substance. rust, burning, fermentation -1 or more substances used up/formed -energy release/absorbed |
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| Heterogeneous Mixture |
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| 2 or more substances that DO NOT mix-different throughout |
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| Homogeneous Mixture |
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| 2 or more substances that do mix-same throughout |
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| Cations |
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| positive charge |
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| Anions |
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| Negative Charge |
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| What consists a simple solution? |
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| solute:gets dissovled solvent |
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| What are the amount comparisons between a solvent and solute? |
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| solvent is in SMALLER amounts than a solute |
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| What does balancing an equation require? |
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| the same number and type of atoms on both sides of equation |
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| Properties of an aqueous solution: |
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| -water is a solvent -compound is solute -homogeneous mixture -solute either liquid or solid at room temperature *Its is a compound dissolved in water |
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| What are the 3 subatomic particles and their charges? |
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| Neutron-neutral-heavy Proton-positive-heavy Electron-negative-light |
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| What will happen if all substances in an equation are ALL soluble? |
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| NO REACTION will occur |
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| In an aqueous solution, an acid and base have what kind of ions? |
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| Acid-OH- ions base-H+ ions |
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| Oxidation Reduction |
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| transfer of electrons from one compound to another |
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| What happens when you change the amount of subatomic particles in an element? |
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| Neutron-isotope Election-ion Proton-DIFFERENT element |
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| Atomic Composition |
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| the number of protons, electron and neutrons in an atom |
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| Atomic Number |
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| defined by proton number and EQUAL to electrons |
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| Mass Number |
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| proton and neutrons |
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| Groups/families are.. |
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| vertical |
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| periods/rows are.. |
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| horizontal |
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| What are the main group elements? |
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| 1-Alkali Metals 2-Alkaline Earth Metals 7-Halogens 8-Noble Gases |
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| Ionization Energy |
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| energy required to remove an electron |
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| Electronegativity |
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| measure of "electron greed"-attract electrons to itself |
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| Ionic Size |
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| size of an ion |
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| What is the oxidation number if the element is alone? |
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| ALWAYS 0 |
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| Ammonium |
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| NH4+ |
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| OH- |
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| Hydroxide |
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| Nitrate |
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| NO3- |
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| CLO3- |
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| Chlorate |
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| Acetate |
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| C2H3O2 |
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| Carbonate |
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| CO3-2 |
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| Sulfate |
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| SO4-2 |
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| PO4-3 |
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| Phosphate |
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| Valence Electrons are the... |
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| outermost electrons |
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| Octet Rule |
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| Most atoms what 8 valence electrons Exceptions: H and He: want 2 Be: wants 4 Grp. 3: wants 6 |
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| Ionic Compounds |
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| -soluble |
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| Chemical Bonding |
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| forces that hold atoms together |
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| Ionic Compounds |
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| -different electronegativities -nonmetal x metal -1.8+ -high melting points >400 -solids |
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| Covalent Compounds |
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| -similar electronegativities -nonmetal x nonmetal -.4 of less -no ions(CH4, CL2) -low melting points <300 -liquid, gases, and solids |
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| Nonpolar Bond |
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| shared equally -2 of the same atom=non polar -electronegativity differences: 0-.45 |
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| Polar Bond |
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| Shared unequally -dissolves in water -electronegativity differences:.45-1.75 |
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| What is the central atom? |
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| atom bonded to more than 1 atom |
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| Electron Group |
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| regions of high electron density |
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| What dictates the shape of an atom? |
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| the central atom |
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| Dipole Dipole |
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| -between nonmetal x nonmetal -polar |
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| Ion-ion |
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| -nonmetal x metal -strongest |
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| H bonding |
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| a strong dipole dipole H with NOF |
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| Water is |
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| polar |
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| Oil is |
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| non polar |
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| Like dissolves like= |
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| polar dissolves polar non polar dissolves non polar |
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| Molecular Polarity |
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| whether or not electrons are evenly distributed in a molecule |
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| Molecular shape |
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| arrangement of atoms |
