UCR BCH100 MT3 – Flashcards

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Topoisomerases

 

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Topoisomerases regulate the supercoiling of DNA

 

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DNA Replication read/write
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reads 3' -; 5'

oh -> phos

 

Writes 5' -; 3'

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Eurkaryotic DNA Synthesis
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Topoisomerase unwinds DNA Supercoil

 

Helicase – unwinds the two strands of DNA


•SSBs(single-stranded DNA binding protein) – keep the single strands apart during unwinding and copying

r

•DNA polymerase δ – synthesizes the complementary strand of DNA from 5’to 3’ leading strand

 

•Primase – RNA primer then DNA polymerase α & PCNA and then DNA polymerase δ

 

•RNaseH1 removes the RNA primers


•DNA ligase seals and completes the lagging strand

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Okazaki fragments
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Lagging strand growth

 

strand lags after the fork

1kb piece

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Prokaryote Translation
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5->3

 

Ribosomesbind mRNA while mRNA is still being synthesized

 

 Multiple ribosomesbind to each mRNA, proteins are made rapidly

 

Longest peptides are on ribosomesfurthest from the start codonAUG

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DNA Repair
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exonuclease cuts out damage

 

helicase melts double helix and damage is removed

 

DNA Polymerase I fills gap and DNA ligase seals strand

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lac Regulation
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expression - low glucose, available lactose

 

 

lacY brings lactose into cell and lactose derepresses lac operon by preventing lacI inhibitor to bind to O site, low glucose means high cAMP binds to CAP to allow, RNA polymerase binds and translates, lactose converted to glucose by lacZ, 

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trp operon regulation in Ecoli
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Trp repressor activated by tryptophan and it repressing expressing when active

 

Concentration of tryptophan is:

 

high: doesn't need to make it, TrpR a repressor is activated preventing tryp from being made 3-4 loop RNA polymerase reaches loop and is stoped

;

Starvation: TrpR and TrpL deactivated, Tryp is made at max rate 2,3 loop stall ribosome, RNA polymerase makes Trp

;

;

;

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reductive amination/transamination

draw

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[image]
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What does THF or Follic Acid do?
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they are a one carbon mover
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Essential vs Nonessential
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Essential must be gotten through diet. Nonessential we make in sufficient quantities
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glucogenic amino acid:

 

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one whose carbon skeleton is degraded to pyruvate or oxaloacetate, both of which may then be converted to glucose or go into TCA cycle

-most flexible

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ketogenic amino acid:
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one whose carbon skeleton is degraded to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA, both of which may then be converted to ketone bodies or go into TCA cycle

 

ketone-energy for the brain

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The Urea Cycle
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1) CO2 + NH4 + 2ATP -> Carbamoyl Phosphate + ADP + H2O

 

2) Carbamoyl Phosphate + Ornithine -> Citrulline

 

3) Aspartate + Citrulline -> Argininosuccinate

 

4) Argininosuccinate -> Fumarate + Arginine

 

5) Arginine -> Urea + Ornithine

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Why go through the Urea Cycle
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urea denatures protein

ammonium, ammonia, urea are toxic

2 ATP to dispose of urea

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IMP to AMP

 

Inhibited by?

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1) IMP + Aspartate + GTP -> Adenylosuccinate + GDP + P

2) Adenylosuccinate -> Fumarate + AMP

 

IMP = Inosine

AMP = Adenosine

 

*Inhibited by Accumulation of products

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IMP to GMP

 

Inhibited by?

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1) IMP + NAD+ + H2O -> Xanthosine + NADH + H+

2) Xanthosine + Gln + ATP + H2O -> Glu + ADP + PP + Guanosine

 

*Accumulation of product limits synthesis

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Pyridimine Anabolism
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1) Aspartate + Carbamoyl -> N-Carbamoyl-L-aspartate

2)N-Carbamoyl-L-aspartate -> Dihydroorotate + H2O

3)Dihydroorotate + NAD+ -> Orotate + NADH

4) Orotate + PRPP -> OMP

5) OMP -> UMP + CO2

 

or

 

1)UTP + Glutamine + ATP -> CTP + Glutamate + ADP+P

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G-Protein Amplification
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Hormone binds to receptor

alpha +GTP bind to adenalate cyclase to activate it = uses ATP for cAMP

GTP turns to GDP, deactives and aplha recombines with Y and Beta

 

cAMP increases activity of cAMP dependant protein kinases which in turn activate enzymes in glycogen breakdown and glucaneogensis (more glucose = more energy) and slow glycogen storage by making LESS F26BP

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PIP2 second messenger
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Hormone binds to PIP2 in cell membrane activating PLC

PLC catalyses hydrolysis of PIPP2 to IP3 and DAG

IP3 stimulates release of CA2+

DAG activates PKC

PKC phosphorylates CA2+ channel proteins controlling the flow of CA2+

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Purines
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[image]

 

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Pyrimidines
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[image]
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Nucleotide

Nucleoside

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Nucleotide = Base, Sugar, Phophoric Acid

Nucleoside = Base, Sugar

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DNA/RNA Chain

 

Charge?

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The top O- of the phophate replaces with the -OH on the 3' Carbon

 

C-O-P-OCH2

 

Negative charge due to phosphate backbone

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A-T

G-C

Bonds?

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A-T has 2 H bonds

G-C has 3 bonds

 

G-C is much harder to break

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Why does mRNA have a short turn over time
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mRNA represents a cells change to cope with new environmental stimulus.Once stimulus is gone, dont want to be changed for it.
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3 Types of RNA
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mRNA = messenger RNA = template for produce proteins

tRNA = transfer RNA = binds to target mRNA for protein production

rRNA = ribosomal RNA = translation of mRNA to polypeptide

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Insulin
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Held together by disulfide bridges

Stimulates glucose uptake, glucokinase for G6P, Phosphofructokinase and Pryruvate dehydrogenase

 

activates glucogons syn and fatty acid syn

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Diabetes

Type I

Type II

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•Type 1 diabetes occurs due to loss of insulin production
-Often results from damage to the cells in the pancreas that are responsible for insulin production This is remedied by insulin injections

•Type 2 diabetes is often called onset diabetes
-This occurs in older people and is most often due to lack of insulin action
-Either from improper binding to the receptor OR improper functioning of steps following insulin binding
-Treatment with insulin will NOT overcome this type of diabetes

 

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Reading direction

DNA Synthesis

RNA Repair

Proofreading

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DNA Synthesis 3 - 5 adds new pair to 3

RNA Repair 3 -5 adds new pair to 3

Proofreading 5 - 3 adds new pair to 5

 

writes new strand oppostie

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Synthesizing DNA
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DNA Polymerase adds on nucleotides on the 3' end

 

ozaki fragments needed for lagging strand

primase starts ozaki and polymerase III completes it

exonuclease removes primer

Polymerase I fills primer gap

Ligase joins end

 

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Processivity
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# of nucleotides added before dna polymerase pops off
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Differences between eurkayotes and Prokaryotes
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Prokaryotes: one origin of replication

Ozaki : 1-2 kb

Polymerase I and III

 

Eurk: Many origins of replication

Ozaki: .1 - .2kb

Telomeres to 3' of leading strand

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spontaneous deamination
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CG ->Cytosine -nh3 becomes =O uracil ->TA
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rho independant

rho dependant

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rho indenpendent: stem loops bump off RNA polymerase

rho dependant: stem loop causes RNA polymerase to pause, rho catches up and bumps off RNA polymerase

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prokaryotic mRNA

Eukaryotic mRNA

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Pro: mRNA code for several proteins in an operon

 

Euk: Code for introns and exons but exons are functional

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Prokaryotes Transcription
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Enzyme: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase but requires ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP, and MG2+

 

RNA Polymerase reads DNA 3-5 but grows 5-3 hydrolysis of pyrophosphate for energy

 

1) RNA polymerase has for subunits alpha, 2 Beta, sigma

sigma binds to promoter site T & A rich, and unwinds DNA double helix

2) sigma pops off and core enzyme continues and can make all three types of RNA

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Eukaryote Transcription
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Polymerase I: rRNA

Poly II: mRNA

Poly III: tRNA

 

TFIID binds to TATA box follwed by Pol II and TF: A,B,F,H,E to begin transcription

 

DNA opens B,E,H comes of and Pol II moves along until termination site

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Modification of RNA
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Add a cap to 5' End and poly A tail to 3' in eurkaryotes

 

AG|G marks change point of exons and introns. introns are cut out exons bind together via spliceosome

 

Also cut for better loops in tRNA

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Inducible Operon
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Not normally expressed, Cataboloic, induced by substrate

lac operon

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Repressible
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Normally expressed, Anabolic, Repressed by product

 

Trp operon

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2 types of Protein Kinases

how do they recognize site

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recognize site by adjacent proteins

inactive until needed unless cleaning

phosphorlyate proteins from .5 mins to 15 hrs

 

Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase

regulates metabolism

98% of protein phosphorylation

found through cell

 

Tyrosine Protein Kinase

regulates growth

.2%-2% of phosphate depend on cell division more when active

found throughout cell

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2 types of phosphatases
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Recognize Tert. structure

 

dephosphorylate phosphoserine/threonine

regulation of metabolism

5 types

found throughout the cell

 

Dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine

crtical in regulation of growth control

many many types

found throughout cell

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Carbamoyl Phosphate
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[image]
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amidation
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[image]
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[image]
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PryP
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Transamination in general
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[image]
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Recognize SAM
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[image]
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[image]
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PRPP
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[image]
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IP3
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Translation
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Synthetase attaches amino acid to tRNA at the 2' or 3' Carbon but then is changed to the 3'

rRNA is 70s made up of a 30S section and a 50s Section

30s = 16s + 21 proteins

50s = 23S + 5s + 34 proteins

AA ->tRNA = 2ATP

translation =2ATP + 4GTP

 

1) 30S with IF1 and IF3 combine with tRNA+IF2+GTP forimng the 30s initiation complex on the start AUG codon a few steps down stream of the SD sequence in prok NO SD in Euk

2) IF1,2,3 leave with GDP and 50S joins 30s to make 70s initiation complex

3)Reads mRNA 5' -> 3'

EPA

5'-3'

A=incoming amino acid

P attachment

E=exit

4) EF-Tu brings AA-tRNA to A site hydrolizes and GTP and EF-Tu leave, leaving AA-tRNA

5)EF-G-GTP moves A site to P site hydrolyzes using GTP EFGGTP and GDP leave with A site open for next

6)RF1/2 recognized stop codon binds in A site transfer peptidyl group to H2O and release polyp chain, RF3-GTP uses GTP to remove RF1/2 and all leave

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cAMP regulation of Gene Expression in Euk
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Hormone trigger protein kinase which phosphorylates CREB, CBP + Basal Complex bind to CREB-P and transcription starts
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Chromatin Remodelling
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DNA is packaged so its 50,000x shorter, must remodel to gain access to DNA.

 

Methylation of Histones silence expression

 

Acetylation of histons by HAT turns on expression by reduce affinity of histones to DNA by neutralizing positive charge on AA

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Eukaryotic Translation
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40S with 3 bind with eIF1 and eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNA to form preiniation complex

 

eIF4 bound to CAP on mRNA bind with pre to form iniation compex

 

Use ATP everything comes off leaving just 40S, 60s joibs and translation starts

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Monofunction of protein kinase HCR
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Fe in Heme group activates HCR

 

HCr uses ATP->ADP to make eIF2->eIF2-P & eIF2B-P

 

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Endocrine

Paracrine

Autocrine

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Endo: Target cells are distant from hormone making cell

Para: Target cells are near hormone making cell

auto: hormone maker is targer cell

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Translation Process
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Initiation
–Ribosome-binding site (RBS codon) on mRNA allows binding to 30s subunit
–Formylmethionine tRNA binds AUG (start) codon the Formyl group will be removed later
–50s subunit (shell) docks to 30s subunit –fMet-tRNA occupies the “P”site

 

•Elongation
–Next charged tRNAbinds to “A”site
–Peptide bond forms

 

•Translocation
–Ribosome moves from one codonto the next and the empty tRNAis released from the “E”site
–Next charged tRNAbinds to empty “A”site


•Process continues until stop codon

 

 

trna binds to codon -> ribosome binds at trna to p site and is added to chain -> trna binds to codon at a site-> ribosome move so p->e and a->p -> E codon ejected and new trna binds a site.  read p site to chain

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[image]
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Dihydroorotate -> orotate
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[image]
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N-Carbamoyl-L-aspartate
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