Therapeutics Id Bergman Test Questions – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Penicillin G and V
answer

Beta Lactam Antibiotic

 

Only effective against Beta Hemolytic, Groups A and B Streptococcus

DOC for syphilis

question
Oxacillin
answer

Beta Lactam

 

Anti-Staph Drug

DOC for MSSA

question
Nafcillin
answer

Beta Lactam

 

Anti-Staph Drug

DOC for MSSA

question
Dicloxacillin
answer

Beta Lactam

 

Anti-Staph Drug

DOC for MSSA

question
Ampicillin
answer

Beta Lactam

 

  • Aminopenicillin Drug
  • Designed against G- organisms --> not effective anymore because of Beta-Lactamase produced by enteric G- bacteria
  • Effective against Alpha Hemolytic Streptococcus (S. pneumoniae, Viridans group)
  • Effective against Enterococcus faecalis in the blood --> give IV

 

question
Amoxicillin
answer

Beta Lactam

  • Aminopenicillin Drug
  • Designed against G- organisms --> not effective anymore because of Beta-Lactamase produced by enteric G- bacteria
  • Effective against Alpha Hemolytic Streptococcus (S. pneumoniae, Viridans group)

 

question
Piperacillin
answer

Beta Lactam

  • Anti-Pseudomonal Drug
  • Effective against Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Drug is still susceptible to Beta Lactamase so it is usually combined with Ticarcillin
question
Ticarcillin
answer

Beta Lactam

  • Anti-Pseudomonal Drug
  • Effective against Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Drug is still susceptible to Beta Lactamase so it is usually combined with Piperacillin
question
Sulbactam
answer

Beta Lactamase Inhibitor

  • Usually combined with Ampicillin (Ampicillin/Sulbactam)
  • Inhibits beta lactamase so the antibiotic can work on bacteria
  • Improved activity against organisms that produce beta-lactamase such as:

1. Staphylococcus aureus

2. Enteric G- Bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella)

3. Respiratory G-

4. Anaerobes

question
Clavulanate
answer

Beta Lactamase Inhibitor

  • Usually combined with Amoxicillin and Ticarcillin
  • Inhibits beta lactamase so the antibiotic can work on bacteria
  • Improved activity against organisms that produce beta-lactamase such as:

1. Staphylococcus aureus

2. Enteric G- Bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella)

3. Respiratory G-

4. Anaerobes

question
Tazobactam
answer

Beta Lactamase Inhibitor

  • Usually combined with Piperacillin
  • Inhibits beta lactamase so the antibiotic can work on bacteria
  • Improved activity against organisms that produce beta-lactamase such as:

1. Staphylococcus aureus

2. Enteric G- Bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella)

3. Respiratory G-

4. Anaerobes

question
Cefazolin
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 1st Generation Cephalosporin
  • Administered IV
  • Effective against MSSA, Beta Hemolytic Group A and B Strep.
  • Prophylaxis prior to surgery to prevent infections from skin flora
question
Cephalexin
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 1st Generation Cephalosporin
  • Administered PO
  • Effective against MSSA, Beta Hemolytic Group A and B Strep.
  • Same spectrum of activity as Cefazolin
question
Cefuroxime
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 2nd Generation Cephalosporin
  • Administered IV and PO
  • Effective against Alpha Hemolytic Strep. (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Viridans), Respiratory G- cocci (H. influenzae)
  • Used in COPD
  • However, not DOC for any infection?
question
Cefoxitin
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 2nd Generation Cephalosporin (Cephamycin)
  • Administered IV
  • Effective against Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella) and Anaerobes (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus)
  • Prophylaxis prior to surgery to prevent intra-abdominal infections
  • Does not have good G+ activity
question
Cefotetan
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 2nd Generation Cephalosporin (Cephamycin)
  • Administered IV
  • Effective against Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella) and Anaerobes (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus)
  • Prophylaxis prior to surgery to prevent intra-abdominal infections
  • Does not have good G+ activity
question
Ceftriaxone
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
  • Administered IV
  • Effective against Alpha Hemolytic Strep. (S. pneumoniae, Viridans group), Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella)
  • Very commonly used in hospital setting, plus QD dosing
  • Not for newborns --> excreted biliary, not well developed in newborns
question
Cefotaxime
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
  • Administered IV
  • Effective against Alpha Hemolytic Strep. (S. pneumoniae, Viridans group), Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella)
  • Commonly used in hospital setting
  • Not for newborns --> excreted biliary, not well developed in newborns
question
Ceftazidime
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
  • Administered IV
  • Effective against Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella), Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • G- activity
question
Cefepime
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 4th Generation Cephalosporin
  • Administered IV
  • Effective against Alpha Hemolytic Strep. (S. pneumoniae, Viridans group), Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella), Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Sounds good to have all 3 covered but usually one will not need that kind of coverage
question
Ceftobiprole
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 5th Generation Cephalosporin 
  • 1st Beta Lactam with MRSA activity
  • Has pseudomonas activity
question
Ceftaroline
answer

Beta Lactam

  • 5th Generation Cephalosporin 
  • 1st Beta Lactam with MRSA activity
question
Imipenem
answer

Beta Lactam

  • Carbapenem
  • Activity against Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Anaerobes (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus)
  • DOC for Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (produced by E. coli and Klebsiella)
question
Meropenem
answer

Beta Lactam

  • Carbapenem
  • Activity against Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Anaerobes (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus)
  • DOC for Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (produced by E. coli and Klebsiella)
question
Doripenem
answer

Beta Lactam

  • Carbapenem
  • Activity against Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Anaerobes (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus)
  • DOC for Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (produced by E. coli and Klebsiella)
question
Ertapenem
answer

Beta Lactam

  • Carbapenem
  • Activity against Enteric bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella), Anaerobes (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus), Streptococcus
  • Does NOT cover Pseudomonas aeruginosa (different from other carbapenem drugs), Enterococcus, or A. baumanii
  • Advantage over other carbepenems is it is QD dosing, but it has a narrower spectrum
  • Used for plain G- Enterics
  • DOC for Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (produced by E. coli and Klebsiella)
question
Aztreonam
answer

Beta Lactam

  • Monobactam (only one ring)
  • Similar to ceftazidime
  • Activity against enterics (Not ESBLs), Pseudomonas aeruginosa
question
Aminoglycosides
answer
  • Inhibits ribosomes
  • Penetrates G- cell walls
  • Does not work by itself against G+
  • Works in synergy with beta lactams to target G+ bacteria
  • IV Only
  • A good back up when bacteria is resistant to beta lactam antibiotics
question
Gentamicin
answer

Aminoglycoside

  • Not effective by themselves because of poor tissue penetration, but OK in urine (eliminated renally)
  • Administered IV
  • Synergy for Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus
  • Double coverage for potentially resistant enteric G- bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
question
Tobramycin
answer

Aminoglycoside

  • Not effective by themselves because of poor tissue penetration, but OK in urine (eliminated renally)
  • Administered IV
  • Synergy for Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus
  • Double coverage for potentially resistant enteric G- bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
question
Amikacin
answer

Aminoglycoside

  • Not effective by themselves because of poor tissue penetration, but OK in urine (eliminated renally)
  • Administered IV
  • Synergy for Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus
  • Double coverage for potentially resistant enteric G- bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
question
Polymyxin B
answer
  • Effective against resistant G- bacteria and G- bacteria that produce carbopenamase
  • Last line of defense against resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and A. baumanii
  • Also found in double and triple antibiotic ointment (neosporin) --> works well topically
  • Also administered IV
  • Toxic side effects
question
Colistin
answer
  • Polymyxin E
  • Effective against resistant G- bacteria and G- bacteria that produce carbopenamase
  • Last line of defense against resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and A. baumanii
  • Also found in double and triple antibiotic ointment (neosporin) --> works well topically
  • Also administered IV
  • Toxic side effects
question
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
answer

Sulfonamide

  • Effective against Staphylococcus aureus and community acquired MRSA
  • Effective against G- enterics, especially UTIs (PK) --> eliminated renally
  • Not the greatest against Strep. anymore
question
Rifampin
answer
  • Synergy for MRSA
  • Resistance develops if used by itself so use in combo
  • CYP P450 inducer
question
Azithromycin
answer

Macrolide

  • More commonly used because well tolerated and fewer drug interactions
  • first class with atypical coverage
  • Z pack used commonly in resp. infections
  • Effective against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, atypicals
  • Concentration dependent
question
Doxycycline
answer

Tetracycline

  • Time dependent, bacteriostatic --> longer courses, more frequent dosing
  • Similar to macrolides in that it is effective against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, atypicals
  • Has the added coverage of minor MRSA infections
  • Not as common as macrolides
question
Ciprofloxacin
answer

Fluoroquinolones

  • Only used against G- bacteria (Enterics and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Atypicals
  • Good oral bioavailability (the only oral class that has activity against P. aeruginosa)
  • Poor against G+
question
Levofloxacin
answer

Fluoroquinolones

  • Effective against Streptococcus spp., G- bacteria (Enterics and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Atypicals
  • Good oral bioavailability (the only oral class that has activity against P. aeruginosa)
question
Moxifloxacin
answer

Fluoroquinolones

  • Effective against Streptococcus spp., Enterics, Atypicals
  • No activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but gains the activity against anaerobes (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus)
question
Clindamycin
answer
  • Effective against S. aureus, including MRSA (esp. in children)
  • Effective against Beta Hemolytic Group A and B Streptococcus and Strep. pneumoniae
  • Effective against anaerobes
question
Metronidazole
answer
  • DOC for most anaerobic infections (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus)
  • Better activity against anaerobes than moxifloxacin
question
How would you arrange the drugs effective against anaerobic infections from greatest activity to least activity?
answer
Metronidazole > Clindamycin > Moxifloxacin, Beta Lactamase Inhibitors with Penicillin
question
Vancomycin
answer
  • Effective against all G+ except VRE
  • DOC for MRSA infections but cure rates still not good
  • Very effective against bacteremia (endocarditis)
  • Has poor tissue penetration --> if patient has MRSA in lungs, cannot use Vanco
question
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
answer
  • MRSA agent
  • First drug for VRE
  • Not effective against E. faecalis
  • Side effects limits usefulness --> not used clinically
question
Linezolid
answer
  • MRSA agent
  • Effective against VRE
  • Good tissue penetration --> can be used for MRSA pneumonia
  • Not useful for bacteremia
  • Use caution long term and with SSRIs
question
Daptomycin
answer
  • MRSA agent
  • essentially the opposite of linezolid (can be used for bacteremia, not for pneumonia)
  • QD and approved for endocarditis
question
Telavancin
answer
  • MRSA agent
  • similar to vancomycin and daptomycin -- has MOA of both
  • Good for pneumonia, not approved yet for bacteremia
  • Also covers anaerobes and G- other than P. aeruginosa
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New