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Alfred Adler

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-Christian -Part of Freud's Wednesday Night Group -Disagreed with Freud's ideas on what drives human behavior -believed drives were more social -society's problems contributed to a person's Mental Health

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Phenomenological Approach

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Present perception of an early experience, not the past perception of it.

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Individual Psychology

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-focus on individual way a person perceives the world -Overlaps with CBT -holistic and humanistic in social and cultural context -Behavior is Purposeful and driven by social forces -People can control their own behavior -People have mistaken feelings of inferiority.

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Discouraged Clients

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Social inferiority--not sick

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Goals of Individual Psychology

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Help clients identify and change their mistaken beliefs about self, others and life Offer encouragement and get client to feel connected (Adlerian)

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Therapeutic Relationship in Individual Psychology

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Relationship is Collaborative and Encouraging Important but not sufficient alone

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Holistic

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Thoughts, feelings, beliefs, convictions, attitudes, character, and actions -- WHOLE person

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Lifestyle

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Perception of self, others, and the world that guide our lives.

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Lifestyle in relation to Goals

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-Driven by goals that are unconscious -Goals are created by the individual -Parents have responsibility because the perception of them is important -Individual is responsible for their own perceptions

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Individual Behavior

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purposeful and goal-directed. It can be chosen and controlled

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Feelings of Inferiority

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-Develops when child realizes others are better/stronger and how they react influences their lifestyle

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Distorted Attitudes about Self

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"Basic mistakes in private logic" "I'm unloveable"

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Distorted attitude about the world/people

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"Basic mistakes in private logic" "Everyone will reject me"

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Distorted goals

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"Basic mistakes in private logic" "I must be perfect"

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Distorted Methods of Operation

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"Basic mistakes in private logic" "I must do/be everything to everyone"

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Distorted Ideas

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"Basic mistakes in private logic" "A real woman wouldn't act like this"

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Distorted Conclusions

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"Basic mistakes in private logic" "I will avoid everyone"

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Striving for Superiority

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-part of personality development -fights inferiority -seeking a higher position but not necessarily better than others

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Personality Priorities

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Superiority (significance)-compensate in socially useful manner Control-avoiding situations that feel controlling Comfort-avoiding the stress/pain of people/situations Pleasing-avoiding rejection by seeking constant approval

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Social Interest

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*Adler's most significant concept -Refers to the attitude toward being a part of the human community -Mental health is measured by how well we connect and contribute to the community -Success and happiness is based on successful social connection -Anxiety results when we don't belong to social community/group

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Birth Order and Family Constellation

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Relationship between siblings and the psychological birth position in one's family known to motivate later behavior, but doesn't take individual differences into account.

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Oldest

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Most attention & spoiled

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Second of 2

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Behaves as if in a race with the first child

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Middle

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Squeezed out or may be mediator

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Youngest

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The baby--spoiled

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Only

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Doesn't learn to share or cooperate but relates well with adults.

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Goal of educational treatment process

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-foster special connection -overcome discouragement/inferiority -modify views and goals, change perceptions/lifestyle -change faulty motivation -equality -contributing member of society

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Encouragement

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-most powerful method for changing a person's beliefs -builds self-confidence -client has power to choose and to act, giving them new perceptions

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Discouragement

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-basic condition that prevents people from functioning

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Role of Therapist in Individual Psychology

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NOT THE EXPERT -comprehensive assessment of client functioning -identify client lifestyle through family constellation, early recollections (1st memory=insight) -lifestyle assessment -- gives ability to correct mistakes in private logic

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Client's Role in Individual Psychology

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Explore private logic concepts about self, others, and life Discover purpose of behavior and coping mistakes Learn how to correct faulty assumptions/conclusions

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Establishing Relationship

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-person to person contact rather than focus on problem -collaborative goals -supportive stance -client feels understood/accepted -focus on what needs to change as result of therapy

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Subjective Interview

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Part of assessment Client tells story as expert on own life and therapist listens to clues to client's coping and approach to life

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Objective Interview

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Known as lifestyle assessment Looks at family constellation, early memories, and personality priorities

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Encouraging Self-Understanding

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How client disclosures and therapist interpretations relate to present day client's goals, logic and behavior

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Reorientation and Reeducation

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Helps client build courage to change lifestyle and perception Search for new possibilities Action oriented: Client is asked to catch self in old patterns and reorientate

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Interpretation Technique of IP

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Form hypotheses and observe reaction of client

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Encouragement Technique of IP

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Build client self confidence and help them to see that they have power to choose and act--give them NEW PERCEPTIONS

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Logical Consequences Technique of IP

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How choice affects outcome. Don't prevent bad things from happening but show them the natural consequences to behavior and help them to learn from them

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Acting "As If" Technique of IP

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Act as if their dream is a reality

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Pushing the button Technique of IP

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Client has control of emotions and can change their focus

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Paradoxical Intention Technique of IP

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Exaggerate problem in order to engage in it and experience it. Helps client to see absurdity and show the control they have over the problem....If they can make it worse, they can make it better.

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Strengths of Individual Psychology/Adlerian Theory

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Acknowledges effects of SES and socially based constraints experienced by women, race, disabled---how they contribute to problems in MH (1st theory to do so) Also can be applied cross-culturally more readily

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Limitations of Individual Psychology/Adlerian Theory

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-little empirical testing -constructs are not well defined (can't operationalize "lifestyle" and much is based on common sense) -Focus on self as locus of change/responsibility and doesn't look at how society can IMPROVE an individual -Insight oriented rather than action-oriented (less compatible with cultures that prefer an action-oriented approach)

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Carl Rogers

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Person-Centered Therapy 1st to use "client" instead of "patient" In depth research on own techniques

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3rd Force

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Humanistic Movement Included person-centered, part of Adlerian, Gestalt, & Existentialism Focus on Client & their capability of growth In response to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

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1940's Development of Theory

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Non-directive Counseling: Just being with client with no analyzing

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1950's Development of Theory

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Client-centered therapy: Focus on client, not method

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1960's Development of Theory

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"On Becoming a Person": Book wrote on becoming who you are without others imposing

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1970's & 80's Development of Theory

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Person-centered Approach: focus applied more broadly and outside of therapy...global conflict resolution

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Person-Centered View of Human Nature

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*People are INNATELY GOOD and SELF-ACTUALIZING Client is expert on own life and can heal self Focus on client's strengths and ability to live authentically

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Self-actualization

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potential for growth and wholeness. It's never arrived at, instead, it is a journey.

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Phenomenology

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Person's subjective experience and perception

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Internal frame of reference

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client's personal private world and their perception of it

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Real relationship

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A relationship with someone who is genuine and caring

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Psychotherapy is a Way of Being

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Exists outside of the office--doesn't just apply to therapy

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Basic Characteristics of Person-Centered

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-Phenomenology -Internal frame of reference -Capacity for growth/self-sawareness -Growth via Real Relationship -Psychotherapy is a way of being

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Theory of Maladjustment

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No Diagnosis No Judgment or labels (that would be incongruent) Incongruence within self concept comes from conditions of worth placed on client by others

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Conditions of Worth

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Stems from conditional love Internalized Becomes part of client Goal of therapy is to reduce

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Organismic Valuing Process

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Continuing evaluation of self

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Goals of Therapy (Person Centered)

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-Increase congruence (real and ideal self come together--You are who you want to be) -Provide safe/trusting environment with facilitative conditions -No conditions of worth or positive/negative evaluative statements -Unconditional positive regard to remove conditions of worth

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Core conditions of Therapeutic Process of Person-Centered Therapy

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Congruence (genuineness) Unconditional Positive Regard (warmth) Empathy **Therapist must be AUTHENTIC**

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Congruence

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Therapist is transparent, authentic Shows client reactions, both positive and negative

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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Fully Accept client and their experience without judgment

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Empathy

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Feel what client feels in the moment Show client that therapist wants them to experience themselves fully, thus resolving incongruence Encourages client to be more reflective of self

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Client's Experience in Person-Centered

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-Able to explore more beliefs and feelings within the relationship -Realize that what they think is negative is accepted within the therapeutic relationship -More open to experiences as defenses go down -Becomes less oriented to meeting others expectations -Become truer to self

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Therapist's Role in Person-Centered

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No Techniques (except reflection of feelings Establish safe and supportive environment Experience moment to moment interactions Real relationship is vehicle for change **Rogers believed that all that was needed was the relationship for change/growth

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Strengths of Person-Centered

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-empowers client -focus on strengths and activates client's internal resources -models a genuine relationship -applied cross-culturally

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Limitations of Person-Centered

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Research showed that relationship isn't enough Not suitable for all clients (low-functioning/psychopathology) Individualistic view--doesn't coincide with collectivistic values Works best with Western notions

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