The Revolutions of 1848 – Flashcards

This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners

a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression

consisted of 39 (of the original 300) sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 39 states to take action.

G.B., Austria, Prussia, and Russia united to defeat France and their Bonapartism, and also to ensure peace after war. After Napoleon, they resotred the Bourbon monarchy to France.

Issued by Metternich in July 1819 in the German states; it dissolved the Burschenschaften and provided for university inspectors and press censors

English law prohibits the importation of foreign grain. This makes domestic grain more expesive and in turn makes the aristocracy richer, while the poor who have to pay for higher grain now, get poorer. This law sparks mass protests among lower classes

A well-organized mass meeting damanding Parlimentary reform that culminated on August 16, 1819 at Saint Peter's Fields outside Manchester. A local magistrate ordered the local militia to move into the crowd, causing panic and death. 11 died and many were injured; the arrest of many radical leaders ensued.

Leading British economist; established field of classical economics; stresses importance of free trade and competition for economic growth; argument that wages "naturally" tend towards minimum level corresponding to subsistence needs of workers

People should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on their utility or usefulness. Argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Believed in helping ordinary working people and pushed for reforms in industry, education, and prison systems.

overthrow of King Charles X (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate

Duke of Orleans was a collateral relative of the Bourbons and was suggested by the aging LaFayette as suitable replacement for Chas X. Established July Monarchy - became known as Citizen King - had amiable bourgeois image - stark contrast to Chas X. Would reign from 1830 - 48.

part of Italian unification. In 1832 established a young nationalist group. He headed a republican government in Rome for a short time, and believed that nation-states were the best hope for social justice, democracy and peace in Europe. The rebellions failed, and he was sent into exile.

(1830) secret society, goal was a free and united Italy, founded by Mazzini

A tariff-free zone in Germany, in order to boost German economy. Also helps build German nationalism, advocated by Friedrich List.

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

no child labor under age 9, slavery abolished in British West Indies

Significant regulation in coal mines in Britain. Forbade employment underground of women and girls and boys under 10.

Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)

of 1917 was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It occurred March 8-12 (February 23-27 Old Style) and its immediate result was the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the collapse of Imperial Russia and the end of the Romanov dynasty. The non-Communist Russian Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov replaced the Tsar. After the July Days, Lvov was succeeded by Alexander Kerensky. The Provisional Government was an alliance between liberals and socialists who wanted to instigate political reform, creating a democratically-elected executive and constituent assembly. This revolution appeared to break out spontaneously, without any real leadership or formal planning. The tensions that had built up for so long finally exploded into a revolution, and the western city of Petrograd (called Saint Petersburg prior to the First World War) became the focal point of activity.[1] The February Revolution was followed in the same year by the October Revolution, bringing Bolshevik rule and a change in Russia's social structure, and paving the way for the USSR. The two revolutions constituted a change in the composition of the country: the first overthrew the Tsar, and the second instituted a new form of government

provided for a president and a single chamber assembly which would be elected on the basis of universal manhood suffrage. (The president would serve for a four-year term in office).

cause: the gov't closed national workshops, marked beginning of class warfare in France btwn the bourgeoisie and the working class

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)

barbarian people who migrated into southern Europe, and in the early 10th century ad occupied Hungary, from where their horsemen raided into France, Italy, Germany, and even Spain

Hungarian leader of the Radical Party in the Diet. Made impassioned speech to Diet after hearing of the February Revolution in Paris. Promotes National Party - wanting combination of liberty and Hungarian nationalism.

Czech (Bohemian) nobility was wiped out during the Bohemian phase of 30 Year's War, Ferdinand II redistributed Czech lands to aristocratic soldiers form all over Europe, serf conditions declined

called by the czechs in response to the all-german frankfurt conference, developed the nation of Austroslavism, This movement increasingly evident after 1848. Slavs in Austrian Empire wanting to maintain framework of empire in which there would be increasing local self-government for nationalities to grow in.

it intended to write a moderately liberal constitution for a unified Germany, but alienated conservatives, workers and liberals

A king and leader of Prussia who was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I

In March of 1849, Frankfurt National Assembly had drafted a constitution and voted to offer the imperial crown to Frederick William IV who declined it and attempted to form Prussian dominated federation of North German States. Austria opposed this and threatened force. Prussia gave way in this Humiliation of Olmutz of November, 1850. Austrians therefore re-established the German Confederation that had existed since Congress of Vienna.

the government's job is to protect the citizens' "natural liberties"; it implies that government exists due to a contract by which it performs the will of the people. Government affords you the right to be protected against crime, foreign invasion, and a host of other perils such as corrupt business practices and bad food. In return, you must obey the laws, pay your taxes, and provide conscripted service if asked.

Was an important British Romantic poet. His works include "She walks in Beauty" and the unfinished "Don Juan." Many consider him to embody the spirit of Romanticism. He died from an illness contracted while in Greece, where he was supporting their independence movement.

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was the first master of romantic music. He was one of the greatest composers in German history. He composed 9 symphonies, 5 piano concerts, a violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, 2 Masses, and an opera. At the peak of his fame, in constant demand as a composer and recognized as the leading concert pianist his day, Beethoven began to lose his hearing. He considered suicide but eventually overcame despair. Among other achievements, he fully exploited for the first time the richness and beauty of the piano. Beethoven never heard much of his later work, including the unforgettable chorale finale to the Ninth Symphony, for the last years were silent, spent in total deafness. (p.771-772)

A nineteenth-century Polish romantic composer who spent most of his career in France. He is known for his expressive piano pieces; he composed almost exclusively for that instrument.

Father of socialism.

A Paris journalist, editor of Revue de Progres and author of Organization of Work. Proposed social workshops/state supported manufacturing centers as a way to deal with the problems of industrialization(recognized the developing hostility toward the owning class/bourgeoisie).

What is Property?-self-educated printer who wrote a pamphlet-answer was that it was nothing but theft-property was profit that was stolen from the worker (source of all wealth)-feared power of state and was an anarchist

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.

This was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and described the working and industrial class of the 1840s. It rounded up all the common class struggles of the new industrializing and modernizing Europe. He said that a growing lower class would result in a bigger industrialized class in Europe and would start a war with the owners of factories. As a result, the workers started to make unions.

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Catholics were put in charge of education in France by Louis Napoleon. The middle class viewed religion as a protector against socialism.

Kingdom of S-P - Sardinia is an island south of Corsica and Piedmont is in the northwestern Italian plain. These two territories were governed by the House of Savoy. Granted liberal constitutions in 1848 and allowed to retain them even though Charles Albert had been unable to remove the Austrians from Lombardy & Venetia. Kingdom of P-S under the House of Savoy led the unification movement. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel with help from Garibaldi were able to achieve this. (Note: S-P fought in Crimean War in order to get seat at the peace table in Paris and earn recognition amongst the powers. )

In March of 1849, Frankfurt National Assembly had drafted a constitution and voted to offer the imperial crown to Frederick William IV who declined it and attempted to form Prussian dominated federation of North German States. Austria opposed this and threatened force. Prussia gave way in this Humiliation of Olmutz of November, 1850. Austrians therefore re-established the German Confederation that had existed since Congress of Vienna.

A tariff-free zone in Germany, in order to boost German economy. Also helps build German nationalism, advocated by Friedrich List.

a unified Germany without Austria was seen as the most practicable means of unification among various German states, particularly Prussia

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

a political party in Great Britain which developed from the Tories in the 1830s

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.