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Ninety-Five Theses

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a list of statements or propositions posted on the door of Wittenberg's All Saints' Church by the German cleric, Martin Luther(he was willing to debate over it). Luther challenged the sale of indulgences by a monk named Tetzel, as well as other corrupt practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This single act is most responsible for the Protestant Reformation

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Realism

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a trend in mid-19th-century European and American literature and art, in which the strengths and weaknesses of men and women, from all levels of society, were put under close examination; a reaction to the idealized portrayals of the Romantic and Neo-classical periods

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Protestant Reformation

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the movement begun by Martin Luther in 1517 that sought to reform abuses in the Roman Catholic Church. It unleashed forces that shattered the unity of Christians in Europe

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Renaissance

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the European period of rebirth and renewal of interest in learning, the arts, and culture, following the Middle Ages

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During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the Protestant Reformation?

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the questioning of traditional authority. This was a bold step in the Renaissance period, because up to this time no one dared to question the Church

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What factor helped most to bring about the Protestant Reformation?

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Kings and Princes in northern Europe resenting the power of the Catholic Church. People such as Martin Luther began questioning the authority and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The princes wished greater political autonomy so that they could gain land and collect the appropriate taxes

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Clergy

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the religious leaders of a particular faith

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Martin Luther

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a dissident monk who challenged some of the practices and dogma of the Roman Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences. He posted his 95 Theses on Wittenberg Church and thus began the Protestant Reformation in 1517. He believed that the Bible was the supreme religious authority on Earth. He translated the New Testament into German and encouraged people to read and interpret it themselves.

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The religious diversity in Western Europe is mainly the result of

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the Protestant Reformation

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What are three examples of religions that arose from the Protestant Reformation?

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Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism

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In Western Europe, a major immediate effect of the Reformation was a

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decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church. In 1517, Martin Luther questioned certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He broke away from the Church and soon afterward other Protestant denominations were created which fragmented and weakened the Church

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Which was a major result of the Reformation?

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new Christian denominations emerged. As a result of Luther's 95 Theses which questioned the practices of the Roman Catholic Church, other Protestant sects or denominations aside from Lutheranism emerged

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Christian Denominations

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various forms of the Christian religion with its basic monotheistic beliefs and the importance of the teachings of Jesus

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John Calvin

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16th-century French scholar and theologian who became a leader of the Protestant Reformation. His Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) expressed the idea of predestination: only those elected beforehand by God would achieve salvation. Calvin's ideas were popular, esp. among the middle class who saw success in business as a sign of salvation

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What happened as result of Luther's challenge to the Roman Catholic Church's authority?

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it marked the breaking up of religious unity in Europe

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Roman Catholic Church

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the Christian faith based upon the teachings of Jesus, that has its base off religious power in Rome under the spiritual leadership of the Pope

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Pope (aka. Papal)

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the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, recognized as the spokesman and guiding force of religious doctrine

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Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses were a call for

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reforms within the Roman Catholic Church. The 95 Theses listed the changes needed within the Catholic Church. Luther cited the sale of indulgences and the taxing of citizens as two examples of church corruption

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Reform

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any change in economic, social or political conditions that intend to bring improvement

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Which was a result of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?

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the power of the Catholic Church is Europe was weakened. Several Protestant denominations evolved in Europe to challenge the power of the Catholic Church. People began to question many of the long standing beliefs they been thinking about for many years. The power and concept of the individual increased-people began to believe that they had choices in their lives. There was no longer one Church in Europe

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During the Reformation, a major criticism of the medieval Catholic Church was that it

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refused to tolerate opposing ideas about religious practices. Martin Luther was the most successful in a long line of individuals (Hus and Wyclif) who had challenged the Catholic Church. Luther opposed the sale of indulgences and broke away from the Church

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The most significant way in which the Renaissance influenced the Reformation was in the Renaissance emphasis on

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encouraging a questioning attitude. The Renaissance influenced the Reformation in that artists and writers encouraged in questioning areas of social, political, and economic life. In the process, reformers such as Luther and Calvin questioned the role and authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church

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Counter-Revolution

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a movement arising in opposition to a revolution and aiming to restore the pre-revolutionary state

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The issues of the sale of indulgences and of the worldly lives of the clergy were addressed by

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Martin Luther in his Ninety-five Theses. Martin Luther, in his ninety-five theses, challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, most notably regarding financial considerations surrounding the sale of indulgences against sin and the wealthy lifestyles of many Catholic clergy of his day

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The Protestant Reformation represents a turning point in European history because it

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ended religious unity in Western Europe. The Protestant Reformation provided freedom for many from the autocratic and often corrupt and dominant authority of the Roman Catholic Church

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One way Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII were similar is that they all were

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Reformation leaders. All three men were at one time devout (strict) followers of the Roman Catholic Church. Luther and Calvin developed questions about the spiritual guidance offered by the Church. Henry's break with the Church was more political in that he wished to get a divorce, a practice that the Church would not grant him

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Divine Right

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the belief that laws and the power of the monarchy are derived from God

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Indulgences

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forgiveness for sins that were sold by the Catholic Church

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Predestination

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a belief that God has already determined who will reach salvation (a rewarding life after death) and that could not be changed

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Information In western Europe, a long-term effect of the invention of Gutenberg's printing press was that the

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literacy rate increased. The effect of having more printed materials available was that more people had the opportunity and the desire to learn to read (literacy). This increased availability of information did a great deal to fuel the Protestant Reformation (1500s), the Scientific Revolution (1600s), the French Revolution (1700s) and the Industrial Revolution (1800s)

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Literacy

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the ability to read and write

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Johannes Gutenberg

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a German inventor (1400's) of movable type for use in printing

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An important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was that it strengthened the

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power of monarchies. The Protestant Reformation was a time of protest against the abuses such as taxation and the sale of indulgences, by the Catholic Church in the 1500s. Among those who supported the revolt were the monarchs (kings) who wished to lessen the control that the Church, led by the Pope, had in their nations. A good example of this was Henry VIII of England

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What happened following the Reformation period?

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Europe was no longer united under one religion as it had been since the fall of the Roman Empire (500 A.D.)

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Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the medieval church in western Europe was criticized for

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being too concerned with worldly power and riches. Criticism of the Church began growing in the 1300s. Its inability to emerge victorious during the Crusades and its ineffectiveness in stemming the death toll of the Plague led to a crisis of faith among its members. In addition, the Church's growing concern for wealth and power led many to question its spiritual leadership

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In the early 1500s, Martin Luther's "Ninety-five Theses," Henry VIII's "Act of Supremacy," and John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion contributed to

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a decline in the power of the Catholic Church. Luther, Calvin and Henry VIII were all part of the Protestant Reformation, an attempt to alter the direction of the Catholic Church. Their efforts, though initially aimed at redirecting the administration of Christianity, resulted in the loss of power of the Catholic Church. Each of these "protestants" created a separate Christian faith

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Act of Supremacy

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an act passed in 1584 by the English Parliament giving the King the power to be the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church). It established the English monarch as the official head of the Church of England, replacing the power of the Pope and the Catholic Church

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Henry VIII

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(1509-47) an English king who was initially a strong Catholic, but who broke away from the Roman Catholic Church over a dispute as to whether he could have a divorce. He started the Anglican Church in order to get a divorce from his wife

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Council of Trent

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meeting of the Catholic Church during the period of Counter-Reformation. The Council decided to reform many of the activities of the Church but reaffirmed its basic doctrines (ex. supremacy of the Pope)

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Counter-Reformation

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an attempt by the Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestant ideas

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What innovation had the greatest impact on the Protestant Reformation?

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movable-type printing press. Martin Luther's 95 Theses became the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation because of the printing press. Within months, Luther's ideas were being read throughout the German states. The other three inventions were helpful in navigation and would eventually aid the spread of all religious ideas

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Printing Press

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15th century European technology (found earlier in Asia) that led to an increase in the availability of books and with it an increase in literacy and spread of information

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One similarity between Martin Luther and Henry VIII is that they

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challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church. Although they had different motives, both Luther and Henry VIII sought to make changes in the Catholic Church. Luther wanted the Church to rethink its sale of indulgences, pardons of sin. Henry wanted a divorce so that he could secure his family's rule of England

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What forced the Catholic Church to consider making some reforms?

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the disunity among Christians throughout Europe

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Protestants

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the religious groups that broke away from the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church during the 16th century Reformation in protest of the selling of indulgences and the power of the Pope. They denied the universal authority of the pope and rested on the Bible as the source of truth

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Salvation

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the liberation from ignorance; deliverance from a danger or difficulty; deliverance from the effects and power of sin

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What change to Christian church practice was suggested by Martin Luther?

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printing the Bible in the vernacular so all could read it. Luther did suggest that the Bible be translated into the common language (vernacular) of the people. He himself produced a translation of the New Testament into German

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Vernacular

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common or ordinary language

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What was Luther's key idea?

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justification by faith alone.

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Anglican Church

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the Church of England, a Protestant sect begun in the 1500's under Henry VIII

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What was the result of the challenges of authority to the Catholic Church?

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new branches/practices of Christianity emerged. (The Anglican religion in England and Lutheranism in Germany)

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What situation was a direct challenge to the political and religious authority of the Catholic Church?

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passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII

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Erasmus

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a Dutch humanist who used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament. He called for reforms in the church, challenging the worldliness of church practices, and urged a return to early Christian traditions

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Bible

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final authority for Protestant arguments about Christianity, rather than the Pope

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Index

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a list of books banned by the Church to stop the spread of Protestant or heretical ideas

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Ignatius of Loyola

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founded a monastic group dedicated to the Counter Reformation (Society of Jesus). He traveled Europe teaching discipline and learning to Catholics

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Jesuits

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the common name for the monastic order started by Loyola to stop the Reformation

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What was Luther's argument?

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Luther argued that salvation came through faith alone, not through good deeds or the sacraments

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Tetzel

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envoy sent by the Catholic Church to debate Luther

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What was the time period of the Protestant Reformation?

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1517 to 1650

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What did Luther reject?

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the power of the pope and priest

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What did the pope declared Luther as and why?

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He declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him because Luther rejected the power of the pope and priests

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What religion to Luther start?

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Lutheran

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What religion did Calvin's followers create?

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Presbyterian and Congregational churches

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What did Protestant leaders found?

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many new churches

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Most of the Protestant groups:

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-Denied the power of the pope and church ceremonies -Believed that faith in God's mercy gave salvation -Accepted only the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper -Encouraged individual interpretation of the Bible

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Lutheranism

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a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther

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Where was Lutheranism practiced?

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Germany

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John Calvin established a religion based on the ideas of?

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Predestination and the Theory of the Elect

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Theory of the Elect

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those who would be saved from punishment for sins, would be known by their moral lives and by the success they achieved through hard work.

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What was the reason why some powers clashed with the church? Give an example

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to increase their own power. Ex. The pope refused to give Henry VIII of England an annulment (cancellation of marriage). Henry persuaded Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy. The English monarch also became head of the Anglican Church. Henry seized Roman Church's properties and gave some of them to the Anglican Church

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What did the Protestant Reformation enable?

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monarchs and civil governments to increase their power at the expense of the Catholic Church

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Name one king who gained more power over the Catholic Church by officially changing the religion of his country?

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Henry VIII

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List the 4 acts during the Counter Reformation

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Council of Trent, instituted reforms, The Index, and confirmed certain teachings

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What was the Counter Reformation unable to do?

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restore the former membership, power, and prestige of the Church

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Society of Jesus

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a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.

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What was the result of the Protestant Reformation?

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increase in literacy (self-study of Bible and Printing Press), religious unity of the Middle Ages disappeared, and religious wars were fought

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Underlying Causes of the Reformation

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The Renaissance- based on the philosophy of humanism, led people to question the authority of the Church and to place greater faith in human reason The Rise of Nation States- led some monarchs' to resent the power of the pope in their countries. A growing sense of nationalism, prompted people to feel more loyal to their king than to the pope Economic Restrictions- such as the ban on usury, or lending money at interest, created opposition among members of the new middle class. People also resented the tithe, the 10 percent tax on income Worldliness and Corruption- within the Church caused a crisis of faith among believes

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The Roman Catholic and Protestant religions differed in regard to

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the power of the pope and church officials

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In the Reformation, Henry VIII of England

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established the Anglican Church

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What idea of the Renaissance is reflected in the Protestant Reformation and the Age of Exploration?

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a questioning spirit

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Thirty Years War

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war between the Northern nations of Europe (Protestant) vs. Southern nations of Europe (Catholics)

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Defeat of the Spanish Armanda

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Spain's navy (Philip II) invaded England (Elizabeth I) in order to force them to become Catholic again. Spain lost- lost its position as the most powerful nation in the world. England won- began its claim as the most powerful nation in the world

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Spanish Inquisition

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the Church is Spain actually used torture to persuade non-Catholics to become Catholic

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What are the two protestant beliefs?

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people could be saved just by having faith in God- not in any other ways; people didn't need the Church's interpretation of God's word-they could read the Bible for themselves

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What were the protestants protesting about?

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-the church was more interested in making money than saving people's souls -the Church was too involved in secular (non-church related) issues such as politics -the Church officials claimed to be the only source of religious truth-only they could interpret God's word

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The Church had influence over the people spiritually

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it controlled access to Heaven- people had to what the Church told them to do

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The Church had influence over the people politically

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the Church influence over the Kings and Queens in Europe-laws too

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The Church had influence over the people economically

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the Church collected a tithe (like a tax)- 10% of all members' wealth

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Roman Catholic Church

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had been the most powerful organization throughout Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire until this time- no one dared to question the power and actions of the Church

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