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Revolution of 1800

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There was a peaceful transfer of power. Federalists stepped down from office after Jefferson won and did so peacefully, though not necessarily happily, and the Republicans were more of the \"people's party\" compared to the Federalists.

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Judiciary Act of 1801

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packed newly created judgeships with Federalist-backing men, so as to prolong their legacy

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Marbury v. Madison

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William Marbury had been one of the \"judges\" appointed by John Adams in his last hours as president. He had been named justice of peace for D.C., but when Secretary of State James Madison decided to shelve the position, Marbury sued for its delivery. Marshall dismissed the case, but he said that the Supreme Court could determine the constituionality of laws (AKA, \"judicial review\").

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Louisiana Purchase

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In 1800, Napoleon secretly induced the king of Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France. Then, in 1802, the Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed by the Pinckney Treaty of 1795. Such deposit privileges were vital to the frontier farmers who floated their goods down the Mississippi River to its mouth to await oceangoing vessels. These farmers talked of marching to New Orleans to violently get back what they deserved, an action that would have plunged the U.S. into war with Spain and France. In 1803, Jefferon sent James Monroe to join regular minister Robert R. Livingston to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east of the river for a total of $10 million, tops. Instead, Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and the land west of it, Louisiana, for a bargain of $15 million, thereby abandoning his dream of a French North American empire. This abandonment was due to the rebellion in Haiti, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, which had been unsuccessful, but had killed many French troops due to yellow fever. The decision to sell Louisiana was also because Napoleon needed cash to renew his war with Britain. The Louisiana Purchase was finalized on April 30, 1803. Jefferson had a dilemma, since the Constitution said nothing about purchasing foreign land, but on the other hand, this deal was simply too good to pass up! After considering an amendment, Jefferson finally decided to go through with the deal anyway, even though nothing in the Constitution talked about land purchases. Jefferson had been a strict interpreter of the Constitution, but he was now using a loose interpretation. Federalists, normally loose interpreters, took a strict interpretation and opposed the purchase. Federalist didn't want the new lands because they correctly foresaw new lands meant new settlers and new states, which meant more farmers and more Republicans.

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Orders in Council

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closed ports under French continental control to foreign shipping, including American, unless they stopped at a British port first

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impressment

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illegal seizure of men and forcing them to serve on ships

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Embargo Act

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forbade the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign nation, regardless of whether they were transported in American or foreign ships

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Non-Intercourse Act

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reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except France and England

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Macon's Bill No. 2

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permitted American trade with all the world and also promised American restoration of trade to France and/or England if either dropped their commercial restrictions

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war hawks

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western politicians who cried out against the Indian threat on the frontier

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Battle of Tippecanoe

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On November 7, 1811, American general William Henry Harrison advanced upon Tecumseh's headquarters at Tippecanoe, killed the Prophet, and burned the camp to the ground

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Thomas Jefferson

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won the election of 1800 by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65, and even though Adams got more popular votes, Jefferson got New York. But even though Jefferson triumphed, in a technicality he and Aaron Burr tied for presidency

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Albert Gallatin

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new secretary of the treasury who reduced the national debt substantially while balancing the budget

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John Marshall

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Chief Justice who had been impressed with the drawbacks of no central authority, and thus, he became a lifelong Federalist, committed to strengthening the power of the federal government.

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Samuel Chase

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In 1804, Jefferson tried to impeach the tart-tongued Supreme Court justice, but when the vote got to the Senate, not enough votes were mustered, and to this day, no attempt to alter the Supreme Court has ever been tried through impeachment.

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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In 1800, Napoleon secretly induced the king of Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France. Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and the land west of it, Louisiana, for a bargain of $15 million, thereby abandoning his dream of a French North American empire. This abandonment was due to the rebellion in Haiti, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, which had been unsuccessful, but had killed many French troops due to yellow fever. The decision to sell Louisiana was also because Napoleon needed cash to renew his war with Britain. In 1804, Jefferson won with a margin of 162 electoral votes to 14 for his opponent, but this happiness was nonexistent because in 1803, Napoleon had deliberately provoked Britain into renewing its war with France. Napoleon ordered the seizure of all ships, including American, which entered British ports. In August of 1810, he announced that French commercial restrictions had been lifted, and Madison, desperate for recognition of the law, declared France available for American trade. Of course, Napoleon lied, and never really lifted restrictions, but meanwhile, America had been duped into entering European affairs against Great Britain.

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Robert R. Livingston

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In 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join him to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east of the river for a total of $10 million, tops.

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Toussaint L'Ouverture

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led the rebellion in Haiti

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Meriwether Lewis

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In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent William Clark and him to explore the Louisiana territory. Along with a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, the two spent 2 1/2 years exploring the land, marveling at the expanses of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, and the landscape and went all the way to Oregon and the Pacific before returning.

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William Clark

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In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent him and Meriwether Lewis to explore the Louisiana territory. Along with a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, the two spent 2 1/2 years exploring the land, marveling at the expanses of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, and the landscape and went all the way to Oregon and the Pacific before returning.

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Aaron Burr

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Thomas Jefferson won the election of 1800 by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65, and even though Adams got more popular votes, Jefferson got New York. But, even though Jefferson triumphed, in a technicality he and Aaron Burr tied for presidency. The vote according to the Constitution, would now go to the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives. Hateful of Jefferson, many wanted to vote for Burr, and the vote was deadlocked for months until Alexander Hamilton and John Adams persuaded a few House members to change their votes, knowing that is the House voted for Burr, the public outcry would doom the Federalist Party. Finally, a few changed their minds, and Jefferson was elected to the presidency. The Federalists sank lower than ever after the Louisiana Purchase, and tried to scheme with Aaron Burr to make New England and New York secede from the union; in the process Aaron Burr killed Hamilton in a duel. In 1806, Burr was arrested for treason, but the necessary two witnesses were nowhere to be found.

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James Madison

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He was Secretary of State in 1803 when William Marbury sued him because he decided to shelve the position of justice of peace for D.C. After Jefferson, he took the oath of presidency on March 4, 1809, short, bald, and not a great speaker. While he was president, Congress adopted Macon's Bill No. 2. He was also president when Britain and France had commercial restrictions.

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Election of 1800

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In this, the Federalists had a host of enemies stemming from the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Federalists had been most damaged by John Adams' not declaring war against France. They had raised a bunch of taxes and built a good navy, and then had not gotten any reason to justify such spending, making them seem fraudulent as they had also swelled the public debt. John Adam became known as \"the Father of the American Navy.\" Federalists also launched attacks on Jefferson, saying that he had robbed a widow and her children of a trust fund, fathered numerous children with his slaves (which turned out to be true), called him an atheist (he was a Deist), and used other inflammatory remarks.

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Lewis and Clark expedition

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In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent William Clark and Meriwether Lewis to explore this new territory. Along with a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, the two spent 2 1/2 years exploring the land, marveling at the expanses of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, and the landscape and went all the way to Oregon and the Pacific before returning.

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Trial of Aaron Burr

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Aaron Burr schemed with the Federalists to make New England and New York secede from the union; in the process Aaron Burr killed Hamilton in a duel. In 1806, Burr was arrested for treason, but the necessary two witnesses were nowhere to be found.

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Jefferson's embargo

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forbade the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign nation, regardless of whether they were transported in American or foreign ships

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War of 1812

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Due to widespread disunity, the War of 1812 ranks as one of America's worst fought wars. There was not a burning national anger, like there was after the Chesapeake outrage; the regular army was very bad and scattered and had old, senile generals, and the offensive strategy against Canada was especially poorly conceived. Had the Americans captured Montreal, everything west would have wilted like a tree after its trunk has been severed, but the Americans instead focused a three-pronged attack that set out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain, all of which were beaten back. In contrast, the British and Canadians displayed enthusiasm early on in the war and captured the American fort of Michilimackinac, which commanded the upper Great Lakes area (the battle was led by British General Isaac Brock). After more land invasions were hurled back in 1813, the Americans, led by Oliver Hazard Perry, built a fleet of green- timbered ships manned by inexperienced men, but still managed to capture a British fleet. His victory, coupled with General William Henry Harrison's defeat of the British during the Battle of the Thames, helped bring more enthusiasm and increased morale for the war. In 1814, 10,000 British troops prepared for a crushing blow to the Americans along the Lake Champlain route, but on September 11, 1814, Capt. Thomas MacDonough challenged the British and snatched victory from the fangs of defeat and forced the British to retreat.

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Battle of New Orleans

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Another British army menaced the entire Mississippi Valley and threatened New Orleans, and Andrew Jackson, fresh off his slaughter of the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, led a hodgepodge force of 7,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, and Frenchmen, entrenching them and helping them defeat 8,000 overconfident British that had launched a frontal attack in this battle.

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Treaty of Ghent

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This was an armistice, acknowledging a draw in the war and ignoring any other demands of either side. Each side simply stopped fighting. The main issue of the war, impressment, was left unmentioned.

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Hartford Convention

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As the capture of New Orleans seemed imminent, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island secretly met in Hartford from December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815, to discuss their grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. While a few talked about secession, most wanted financial assistance form Washington to compensate for lost trade, and an amendment requiring a 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos, except during invasion. Three special envoys from Mass. went to D.C., where they were greeted with the news from New Orleans; their mission failed, and they sank away in disgrace and into obscurity. This proved to be the death of the Federalist Party, as their last presidential nomination was trounced by James Monroe in 1816.

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Rush-Bagot Agreement

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provided the world's longest unfortified boundary (5,527 mi.)

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Tariff of 1816

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After the war, British competitors dumped their goods onto America at cheap prices, so America responded with the Tariff of 1816, the first in U.S. history designed for protection, which put a 20-25% tariff on dutiable imports

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American System

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It was not high enough, but it was a great start, and in 1824, Henry Clay established a program called the American System. The system began with a strong banking system. It advocated a protective tariff behind which eastern manufacturing would flourish. It also included a network of roads and canals, especially in the burgeoning Ohio Valley, to be funded for by the tariffs, and through which would flow foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West to the North and East. Lack of effective transportation had been one of the problems of the War of 1812, especially in the West, and in 1817, Congress sought to distribute $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements, but Madison vetoed it, saying it was unconstitutional, thus making the states look for their own money to build the badly needed roads.

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Era of Good Feelings

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James Monroe defeated his Federalist opponent 183 to 34, and ushered in a short period of one-party rule. He straddled the generations of the Founding Fathers and the new Age of Nationalism. Early in 1817, Monroe took a goodwill tour venturing deep into New England, where he received heartwarming welcomes. A Boston newspaper even went as far as to declare that an this era had began. However, seeds of sectional troubles were planted. Notably, the South did not like the tariff saying it only benefited the North and made the South pay higher prices. And, the South disliked the internal improvements linking the North and West—the South didn't see any benefits in paying taxes for roads and canals in other states.

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panic of 1819

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The Panic of 1819 was a paralyzing economic panic (the first since Washington's times) that engulfed the U.S., bringing deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors' prisons. A major cause of the panic had been over-speculation in land prices, where the Bank of the United States fell heavily into debt. Oddly, this started an almost predictable chain of panics or recessions. An economic panic occurred every 20 years during the 1800s (panics occurred during 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893). The West was especially hard hit, and the Bank of the U.S. was soon viewed upon as the cause. There was also attention against the debtors, where, in a few overplayed cases, mothers owing a few dollars were torn away from their infants by the creditors.

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Land Act of 1820

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gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded and slowly got cheap transportation as well

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Tallmadge amendment

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provided that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri (this was shot down in the Senate)

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Missouri Compromise

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Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state, thus maintaining the balance (it went from 11 free states and 11 slave states to 12 and 12). All new states north of the 36°30' line would be free, new states southward would be slave. Both the North and South gained something, and though neither was totally happy, the compromise worked for many years. Monroe should have been doomed after the 1819 panic and the Missouri problem, but he was so popular, and the Federalist Party so weak, that he won in 1820 by all but one vote (unanimity was reserved for Washington).

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McCulloch v. Maryland

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This case involved Maryland's trying to destroy the Bank of the U.S. by taxing its currency notes. Marshall invoked the Hamiltonian principle of implied powers and denied Maryland's right to tax the bank, and also gave the doctrine of \"loose construction,\" using the elastic clause of the Constitution as its basis. He implied that the Constitution was to last for many ages, and thereby was constructed loosely, flexibly, to be bent as times changed.

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Cohens v. Virginia

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The Cohens had been found guilty by Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets, had appealed to the Supreme Court, and had lost, but Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government. The federal government won, the states lost.

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Gibbons v. Ogden

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When New York tried to grant a monopoly of waterborne commerce, Marshall struck it down by saying that only Congress can control interstate commerce, not the states themselves; it was another blow to states' rights.

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Fletcher v. Peck

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After Georgia fraudulently granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country (Mississippi) to privateers, the legislature repealed it after public outcry, but Marshall ruled that it was a contract, and that states couldn't impair a contract. It was one of

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Dartmouth College v. Woodward

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Dartmouth had been granted a charter by King George III, but New Hampshire had tried to change it. Dartmouth appealed, using alumni Daniel Webster to work as lawyer, and Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand. It was a contract, and the Constitution protected those and overruled state rulings.

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Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty)

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This treaty had Spain cede Florida and shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas. The U.S. paid $5 million to Spain for Florida.

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Monroe Doctrine

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Sly and careful John Q. Adams sensed a joker in the proposal, correctly assumed that the European powers weren't going to invade America anytime soon, and knew that a self-denouncing alliance with Britain would morally tie the hands of the U.S. He knew that the British boats would need to protect South America to protect their merchant trade, and presumed it safe to blow a defiant, nationalistic blast at all Europe. Late in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was born, incorporating non-colonization and nonintervention. Dedicated primarily to Russia in the West, Monroe said that no colonization in the Americas could happen anymore and also, European nations could not intervene in Latin American affairs. In return, the U.S. would not interfere in the Greek democratic revolt against Turkey.

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Russo-American Treaty

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In this treaty, the Russian tsar fixed the southern boundary of his Alaskan territory at 54°40' and it stayed at that.

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Oliver Hazard Perry

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After more land invasions were hurled back in 1813, the Americans, led by him, built a fleet of green- timbered ships manned by inexperienced men, but still managed to capture a British fleet. His victory, coupled with General William Henry Harrison's defeat of the British during the Battle of the Thames, helped bring more enthusiasm and increased morale for the war.

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Thomas Macdonough

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6. In 1814, 10,000 British troops prepared for a crushing blow to the Americans along the Lake Champlain route, but on September 11, 1814, he challenged the British and snatched victory from the fangs of defeat and forced the British to retreat.

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Francis Scott Key

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At Baltimore, another British fleet arrived but was beaten back by the privateer defenders of Fort McHenry, where he wrote \"The Star Spangled Banner.\"

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James Monroe

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•The Hartford Convention proved to be the death of the Federalist Party, as their last presidential nomination was trounced by him in 1816. He defeated his Federalist opponent 183 to 34, and ushered in a short period of one-party rule. He straddled the generations of the Founding Fathers and the new Age of Nationalism. Early in 1817, he took a goodwill tour venturing deep into New England, where he received heartwarming welcomes. He should have been doomed after the 1819 panic and the Missouri problem, but he was so popular, and the Federalist Party so weak, that he won in 1820 by all but one vote (unanimity was reserved for Washington). Monroe consulted his cabinet as to what to do against Jackson; all wanted to punish him except for John Quincy Adams, who demanded huge concessions from Spain. Dedicated primarily to Russia in the West, Monroe said that no colonization in the Americas could happen anymore and also, European nations could not intervene in Latin American affairs.

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George Canning

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the British foreign secretary who approached the American minister in London proposing that the U.S. and Britain combine in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European despots to keep their hands off of Latin American politics.

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corrupt bargain

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After the Era of Good Feelings, politics was transformed. The big winner of this transformation was the common man. Specifically, the common white man as universal white manhood suffrage (all white men could vote) became the norm. In the election of 1824, there were four towering candidates: Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Henry Clay of Kentucky, William H. Crawford of Georgia, and John Q. Adams of Massachusetts. All four called themselves Republicans. Three were a \"favorite son\" of their respective region but Clay thought of himself as a national figure (he was Speaker of the House and author of the \"American System\"). In the results, Jackson got the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but he failed to get the majority in the Electoral College. Adams came in second in both, while Crawford was fourth in the popular vote but third in the electoral votes. Clay was 4th in the electoral vote. By the 12th Amendment, the top three electoral vote getters would be voted upon in the House of Reps. and the majority (over 50%) would be elected president. Clay was eliminated, but he was the Speaker of the House, and since Crawford had recently suffered a paralytic stroke and Clay hated Jackson, he threw his support behind John Q. Adams, helping him become president. When Clay was appointed Secretary of the State, the traditional stepping-stone to the presidency, Jacksonians cried foul play and corruption. Jackson said he, the people's choice, had been swindled out of the presidency by career politicians in Washington D.C. John Randolph publicly assailed the alliance between Adams and Clay. Evidence against any possible deal has never been found in this \"Corrupt Bargain,\" but both men flawed their reputations.

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spoils system

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rewarded supporters with good positions in office

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Tariff of Abominations

answer

In 1824, Congress had increased the general tariff from 23% to 37%, but wool manufactures still wanted higher tariffs. In the Tariff of 1828, the Jacksonians (who disliked tariffs) schemed to drive up duties to as high as 45% while imposing heavy tariffs on raw materials like wool, so that even New England, where the tariff was needed, would vote the bill down and give Adams another political black eye. However, the New Englanders backfired the plan and passed the law (amended). Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun reversed their positions from 1816, with Webster supporting the tariff and Calhoun being against it. The Southerners immediately branded it as the \"Tariff of Abominations.\" In the South at this time, Denmark Vesey, a free Black, led an ominous slave rebellion in Charleston. This raised fears by Southern whites and led to a tightening of control over slaves. The South mostly complained because it was now the least expanding of the sections. Cotton prices were falling and land was growing scarce. Southerners sold their cotton and other products without tariffs, while the products that they bought were heavily taxed. The South said all tariffs did for them was hike up prices. Tariffs led the U.S. to buy less British products and vice versa, but it did help the Northeast prosper so that it could buy more of the South's products. John C. Calhoun secretly wrote \"The South Carolina Exposition\" in 1828, boldly denouncing the recent tariff and calling for nullification of the tariff by all states. However, South Carolina was alone in this nullification threat, since Andrew Jackson had been elected two weeks earlier, and was expected to sympathize with the South against the tariff.

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Nullification Crisis

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South Carolinians, still scornful toward the Tariff of 1828, attempted to garner the necessary two-thirds majority to nullify it in the S.C. legislature, but determined Unionists blocked them. In response to the anger at the \"Tariff of Abominations,\" Congress passed the Tariff of 1832, which did away with the worst parts of the Tariff of 1828, such as lowering the tariff down to 35%, a reduction of 10%, but many southerners still hated it. In the elections of 1832, the \"Nullies\" came out with a two-thirds majority over the Unionists, met in the state legislature, and declared the Tariff of 1832 to be void within S.C. boundaries. They also threatened with secession against the Union, causing a huge problem. President Jackson issued a ringing proclamation against S.C., to which governor Hayne issued a counter-proclamation, and civil war loomed dangerously. To compromise and prevent Jackson from crushing S.C. and becoming more popular, the president's rival, Henry Clay, proposed a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20% to 25%. The Tariff of 1833 narrowly squeezed through Congress. However, to save face, Congress also passed the Force Bill (AKA the \"Bloody Bill\") that authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect tariffs. No other states had supported South Carolina's stance of possible secession, though Georgia and Virginia toyed with the idea. Finally, S.C. repealed the nullification ordinance.

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compromise Tariff of 1833

answer

To compromise and prevent Jackson from crushing S.C. and becoming more popular, the president's rival, Henry Clay, proposed a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20% to 25%. The Tariff of 1833 narrowly squeezed through Congress.

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Force Bill

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(AKA the \"Bloody Bill\") that authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect tariffs

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Indian Removal Act

answer

Indians were moved to Oklahoma

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Trail of Tears

answer

Thousands of Indians died on the this trail after being uprooted from their sacred lands that had been theirs for centuries.

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Bank War

answer

Andrew Jackson, like most westerners, distrusted big banks, especially the \"B.U.S.\"—Bank of the United States. To Jackson and westerners, the B.U.S. was simply a tool of the rich to get richer. The BUS minted metal, coin money (\"hard money\"), but not paper money. Farmers out west wanted paper money which caused inflation, and enabled them to more easily pay off their debts. Jackson and westerners saw the BUS and eastern banks as being in a conspiracy to keep the common man down economically. This conspiracy was carried out through hard money and debt. The B.U.S., led by Nicholas Biddle, was harsh on the volatile western \"wildcat\" banks that churned out unstable money and too-lenient credit for land (which the westerners loved). The B.U.S. seemed pretty autocratic and out of touch with America during its \"New Democracy\" era, and it was corrupt. Nicholas Biddle cleverly lent U.S. funds to friends, and often used the money of the B.U.S. to bribe people, like the press. However, the bank was financially sound, reduced bank failures, issued sound notes, promoted economic expansion by making abundant credit, and was a safe depository for the funds of the Washington government. It was highly important and useful, though sometimes not necessarily pure and wholesome. In 1832, Henry Clay, in a strategy to bring Jackson's popularity down so that he could defeat him for presidency, rammed a bill for the re-chartering of the BUS—four years early. He felt that if Jackson signed it, he'd alienate his followers in the West and South, and if he vetoed it, he'd lose the supports of the \"best people\" of the East. He failed to realize that the West held more power now, not the East. The re-charter bill passed through Congress easily, but Jackson demolished it in a scorching veto that condemned the BUS as unconstitutional (despite political foe John Marshall's ruling that it was okay), and anti-American. The veto amplified the power of the president by ignoring the Supreme Court and aligned the West against the East.

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Anti-Masonic party

answer

However, this new third party made its entrance for the first time. Opposed to the fearsome secrecy of the Masonic order, it was energized by the mysterious murder of someone who threatened to expose the Freemason's secrets. While sharing Jacksonian ideals, they were against Jackson, a Mason. Also, they were supported by churches hoping to pass religious reform.

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pet banks

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banks that had received the money that Jackson had withdrawn from the BUS to kill it

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Specie Circular

answer

stated that debts must be paid in specie (gold or silver), which no one had

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panic of 1837

answer

caused by the \"wildcat banks\" loans, the over-speculation, the \"Bank War,\" and the Specie Circular stating that debts must be paid in specie (gold or silver), which no one had

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Alamo

answer

After armed conflict and slaughters at the this place and at Goliad, Texan war cries rallied citizens, volunteers, and soldiers, and the turning point came after Sam Houston led his army for 37 days eastward, then turned on the Mexicans, taking advantage of their siesta hour, wiping them out, and capturing Santa Anna.

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Goliad

answer

After armed conflict and slaughters at the Alamo and at this place, Texan war cries rallied citizens, volunteers, and soldiers, and the turning point came after Sam Houston led his army for 37 days eastward, then turned on the Mexicans, taking advantage of their siesta hour, wiping them out, and capturing Santa Anna.

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John Quincy Adams

answer

John Quincy Adams was a man of puritanical honor, and he had achieved high office by commanding respect rather than by boasting great popularity. Like his father, however, he was able but somewhat wooden and lacked the \"people's touch\" (which Jackson notably had).

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Andrew Jackson

answer

expanded the power of the presidency more than any other president had

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Denmark Vesely

answer

He was a free Black who led an ominous slave rebellion in Charleston. This raised fears by Southern whites and led to a tightening of control over slaves.

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John C. Calhoun

answer

against the Tariff of 1828

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Nicholas Biddle

answer

cleverly lent U.S. funds to friends, and often used the money of the B.U.S. to bribe people, like the press

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Daniel Webster

answer

supported the Tariff of 1828

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Henry Clay

answer

Jackson's rival

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Martin van Buren

answer

\"King Andrew\" was too old to run again, but offered Martin van Buren to follow in his coattails. The Whigs suffered from disorganization. They tried to offer a \"favorite son\" candidate from each section of the country—their hopes were that no one would win a majority of electoral votes, the election would thus be thrown to the House of Representatives, and they could win there. Their scheme failed, and van Buren won.

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Stephen Austin

answer

made an agreement with the Mexican government to bring about 300 families into a huge tract of granted land to settle

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Sam Houston

answer

The Texans (among them Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie) resented the \"foreign government, but they were led by him.

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Santa Anna

answer

In 1835, this dictator started to raise an army to suppress the Texans; the next year, they declared their independence.

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William Henry Harrison

answer

In 1840, this man was nominated due to his being issueless and enemyless, with John Tyler as his running mate. He had only been popular from Tippecanoe (1811) and the Battle of the Thames (1813). A stupid Democratic editor also helped Harrison's cause when he called the candidate a poor old farmer with hard cider and inadvertently made him look like many poor Westerners. With slogans of \"Tippecanoe and Tyler too,\" the Whigs advocated this \"poor man's president\" idea and replied, to such questions of the bank, internal improvements, and the tariff, with answers of \"log cabin,\" \"hard cider,\" and \"Harrison is a poor man.\" The popular election was close, but Harrison blew Van Buren away in the Electoral College. Basically, the election was a protest against the hard times of the era.

question

Election of 1824

answer

After the Era of Good Feelings, politics was transformed. The big winner of this transformation was the common man. Specifically, the common white man as universal white manhood suffrage (all white men could vote) became the norm. In the election of 1824, there were four towering candidates: Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Henry Clay of Kentucky, William H. Crawford of Georgia, and John Q. Adams of Massachusetts. All four called themselves Republicans. Three were a \"favorite son\" of their respective region but Clay thought of himself as a national figure (he was Speaker of the House and author of the \"American System\"). In the results, Jackson got the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but he failed to get the majority in the Electoral College. Adams came in second in both, while Crawford was fourth in the popular vote but third in the electoral votes. Clay was 4th in the electoral vote. By the 12th Amendment, the top three electoral vote getters would be voted upon in the House of Reps. and the majority (over 50%) would be elected president. Clay was eliminated, but he was the Speaker of the House, and since Crawford had recently suffered a paralytic stroke and Clay hated Jackson, he threw his support behind John Q. Adams, helping him become president. When Clay was appointed Secretary of the State, the traditional stepping-stone to the presidency, Jacksonians cried foul play and corruption. Jackson said he, the people's choice, had been swindled out of the presidency by career politicians in Washington D.C. John Randolph publicly assailed the alliance between Adams and Clay. Evidence against any possible deal has never been found in this \"Corrupt Bargain,\" but both men flawed their reputations.

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Election of 1840

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In 1840, William Harrison was nominated due to his being issueless and enemyless, with John Tyler as his running mate. He had only been popular from Tippecanoe (1811) and the Battle of the Thames (1813). A stupid Democratic editor also helped Harrison's cause when he called the candidate a poor old farmer with hard cider and inadvertently made him look like many poor Westerners. With slogans of \"Tippecanoe and Tyler too,\" the Whigs advocated this \"poor man's president\" idea and replied, to such questions of the bank, internal improvements, and the tariff, with answers of \"log cabin,\" \"hard cider,\" and \"Harrison is a poor man.\" The popular election was close, but Harrison blew Van Buren away in the Electoral College. Basically, the election was a protest against the hard times of the era.

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Ancient Order of Hibernians

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established to aid the Irish

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Know-Nothing party

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nativists feared that Catholicism challenged Protestantism (Popish idols) so they formed the \"Order of Star-Spangled Banner\" AKA, this

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cotton gin

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50 times more effective than separating cotton seed by hand

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limited liability

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The principle of this in a corporation (can't lose more than invested) stimulated the economy

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Commonwealth v. Hunt

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case of this in Massachusetts Supreme Court (1842) legalized unions for peaceful and honorable protest

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McCormick reaper

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Cyrus McCormick invented this to harvest grain

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Erie Canal

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Gov. DeWitt Clinton's Big Ditch was this between Lake Erie and the Hudson River. It shortened the expense and time of transportation (to one twentieth what it was before); cities grew along the canal and the price of food was reduced. Farmers were unable to compete in the rocky soils of the East, so they went to the West.

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clipper ships

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dominated the seas for a brief time (they were very fast, sleek, and long)

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Pony Express

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Speedy communication popped up from Missouri to California, in this (going 2,000 miles in 10 days). The Pony Express was short-lived though, lasting but 2 years, and was replaced by the telegraph wire.

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market revolution

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Just as the political landscape of America changed, the economic scene did too. Essentially, business began to grow up. The era of the self-supported farm was changing to a more modern, specialty driven economy. These times widened the gap between the rich and poor. Cities saw the greatest extremes. Unskilled workers were \"drifters\" from town to town looking for jobs (1/2 of industrial population). Social mobility existed, although rags-to-riches stories were rare. The standard of living did rise, however, as wages did rise (this helped diffuse any potential class conflict).

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Samuel Slater

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He was the \"Father of the Factory System.\" He learned of textile machinery when working in British factory. He escaped to U.S., was aided by Moses Brown and built the 1st cotton thread spinner in the U.S. located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1791).

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Eli Whitney

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built a cotton gin (which was 50 times more effective than separating cotton seed by hand)

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Elias Howe

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He & Issac Singer (1846) made the sewing machine (the foundation of clothing industry)

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Isaac Singer

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Elias Howe & he (1846) made the sewing machine (the foundation of clothing industry)

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John Deere

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invented the steel plow that cut through hard soil and could be pulled by horses

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Cyrus McCormick

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invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain

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Robert Fulton

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invented the first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807; steamboats were common by the 1830s

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DeWitt Clinton

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His Big Ditch was the Erie Canal between Lake Erie and the Hudson River. It shortened the expense and time of transportation (to one twentieth what it was before); cities grew along the canal and the price of food was reduced. Farmers were unable to compete in the rocky soils of the East, so they went to the West.

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Cyrus Field

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He laid a telegraph cable between the U.S. & Europe (but died in 3 weeks); a better one was laid in 1866. This provided instant communication with Europe—a monumental step forward.

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Deism

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Many relied on this religion (reason rather revelation); this religion rejected original sin of man, denied Christ's divinity but believed in a supreme being that created universe with an order, similar to a clockmaker.

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Unitarians

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These people believed that God existed in only 1 person, not in the orthodox trinity; these people stressed goodness of human nature. believed in free will and salvation through good works; these people pictured God as a loving father. These people appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism.

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Mormons

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Joseph Smith (1830) claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of this religion inscribed on them. He came up with the this faith, officially called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Antagonism toward Mormons emerged due to their polygamy, drilling militia, and voting as a unit. Smith was killed, but was succeeded by Brigham Young, who led followers to Utah. They grew quickly by birth and immigration from Europe. They had a federal governor and marched to Utah when Young became governor. The issue of polygamy prevented Utah's entrance to U.S. until 1896.

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American Temperance Society

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This society was formed at Boston (1826) - the \"Cold Water Army\" (children), signed pledges, made pamphlets, and an anti-alcohol novel emerged called 10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There.

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Maine Law of 1851

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prohibited making and sale of liquor (followed by others)

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Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

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held in NY, it was a major landmark in women's rights

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New Harmony

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Robert Owen founded this city (1825) though it failed in confusion

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Brook Farm

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Massachusetts experiment (1841) where 20 intellectuals committed to Transcendentalism (it lasted until '46)

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Oneida Community

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practiced free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring; it survived ironically as a capitalistic venture, selling baskets and then cutlery.

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Shakers

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a communistic community (led by Mother Ann Lee); they couldn't marry so they became extinct

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Peter Cartwright

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was best known of the \"circuit riders\" or traveling preachers

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Charles Grandison Finney

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the greatest revival preacher who led massive revivals in Rochester, NY

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Joseph Smith

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claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them. He came up with the Mormon faith, officially called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

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Brigham Young

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led Mormons to Utah

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Horace Mann

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fought for better schools and is the \"Father of Public Education\"

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Dorothea Dix

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fought for reform of the mentally insane in her classic petition of 1843

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Neal S. Dow

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becomes the \"Father of Prohibition\"

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Lucretia Mott

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The women's movement was led by her, Susan B. Anthony (Suzy Bs), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female medical graduate), Margaret Fuller, the Grimke sisters (anti-slavery advocates), and Amelia Bloomer (semi-short skirts).

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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The women's movement was led by Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony (Suzy Bs), her, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female medical graduate), Margaret Fuller, the Grimke sisters (anti-slavery advocates), and Amelia Bloomer (semi-short skirts).

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Susan B. Anthony

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The women's movement was led by Lucretia Mott, her (Suzy Bs), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female medical graduate), Margaret Fuller, the Grimke sisters (anti-slavery advocates), and Amelia Bloomer (semi-short skirts).

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Amelia Bloomer

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The women's movement was led by Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony (Suzy Bs), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female medical graduate), Margaret Fuller, the Grimke sisters (anti-slavery advocates), and her (semi-short skirts).

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Robert Owen

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founded New Harmony, IN (1825) though it failed in confusion

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John J. Audubon

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painted birds with exact detail

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Stephen C. Foster

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wrote Old Folks at Home (AKA Suwannee River, his most famous) and My Old Kentucky Home

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James Fenimore Cooper

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1st US novelist, The Leatherstocking Tales (which included The Last of the Mohicans which was popular in Europe)

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Henry David Thoreau

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He condemned slavery and wrote Walden: Or life in the Woods. He also wrote On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, which was idealistic in thought, and a forerunner of Gandhi and then Martin Luther King Jr., saying it is not wrong to disobey a wrong law.

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Walt Whitman

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wrote Leaves of Grass (poetry) and was \"Poet Laureate of Democracy\"

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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

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wrote poems popular in Europe such as Evangeline

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Louisa May Alcott

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with transcendentalism wrote Little Women

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Emily Dickinson

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wrote of the theme of nature in poems

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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The Scarlet Letter (psychological effect of sin)

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Herman Melville

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Moby Dick, and allegory between good and evil told of a whaling captain

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Francis Parkman

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published on the struggle between France and England in colonial North America

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Horace Mann began school reform in Massachusetts

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Horace Mann fought for better schools and is the \"Father of Public Education.\" School was too expensive for many community; blacks were mostly left out from education.

The Growing Republic (1800-1860)

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