The Early Republic Study Guide – Flashcards

-established a system of courts -one Supreme Court -settle disputes between states -hear appeals from lower courts -decide constitutionality of laws -5 associate justices, 1 chief justice (John Jay) --three Circuit Courts -2 justices, one district judge --13 District Courts (one for each state) -one judge per district the Act also established the Office of the Attorney General to prosecute cases on behalf of the federal government

group of federal leaders who headed the major departments of the Executive Branch and advised the President. Cabinet members were nominated by the President and approved by the Senate. 1) State Department (Jefferson): conducted foreign policy 2) War Department supervised national defense 3) Attorney General prosecuted and defended cases for the government 4) Treasury Department (Hamilton): managed the Nation's finances

--strong federal government was necessary to preserve the Union. Wanted an industrial/merchant economy --opposed by Democratic Republicans (southerners, farmers) who wanted an agricultural economy with stronger states

wanted to develop a more industrial and commercial economy that was less agricultural. Hamilton saw benefits from the plan: establish nation's financial credibility, raise revenue for federal government, protect American manufacturers from foreign competition, buy political support from wealthy Americans. 1) Instead of paying off the nation's debts, he wanted to sell government bonds to investors 2) Government would use revenue from bonds to pay off debts from the War 3) Government would raise taxes and tariffs on imported goods to raise the money to pay the interest on the bonds to the investors 4) Investors would use this money from the bonds to help grow the economy

1) Southern States (mostly farmers) had less debt and didn't want to be taxed to pay off the Northern debt. Hamilton's plan would tax southern farmers to provide money to the north 2) South said the Constitution did not authorize a National Bank. Thought Hamilton was interpreting the Constitution too broadly (loose construction). They wanted a strict construction that limited federal power. 3) revenue raised by the bonds would mostly be invested in northern manufacturing

1) Anti federalists did not think the Constitution authorized a national bank. 2) Worried that a National Bank would benefit the North at the expense of the South 3) In order to get his plan approved, and get the South to agree to take on the Northern debt, Hamilton had to promise to move the nation's capital south to between Maryland and Virginia

1) Pennsylvania farmers hated the tax on whiskey so they attacked and intimidated the tax collectors 2) Hamilton sent 12,000 militiamen to put down the rebellion 3) Washington supported Hamilton's action because it showed the world that the US would not allow an insurrection against our laws

**US was fighting American Indians over northwest expansion. Britain was supporting the Indians. They defeated the US in several battles, but then lost at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Treaty of Greenville--American Indians gave state of Ohio to US government. This opened up Northwest Territory to settlement.

* Britain and France were at war but Washington said US would stay neutral because we needed to keep trading with Britain. Britain seized American ships trading with France. Jay's Treaty kept US from going to war with Britain because the US could not afford another war. Provisions: 1) Americans would pay all pre-war debt owed to Britain 2) British had to leave Northwest Territory (give up forts) 3) British had to pay claims against them from US merchants 4) US had trading privileges with England and British East Indies 5)Mississippi River open to both countries

*Spain controlled Mississippi River but the US needed the river to move goods. Pinckney's Treaty allowed shipping rights to US. Provisions: 1) Americans could store goods tax free in New Orleans 2) Americans can freely navigate Mississippi River in Spanish territory 3) Each country had to prevent Indians in their territory from attacking the other country

During the French Revolution, the revolutionaries began executing opponents, including the French king and declared war on Britain. US too weak to get involved, didn't have enough money and needed to keep trading with Britain

1) defeated American Indians on the frontier 2) western lands open to settlement 3) put down the Whiskey Rebellion 4) kept the US out of the war between France and Britain 5) strong foreign trade boosted revenue and funded the government

The French were angry about the Jay Treaty because they felt it was a betrayal of their earlier treaty alliance with the US. So they began seizing US merchant ships. The new US president, Adams, sent envoys to Paris to negotiate peace. The three French officials negotiating with the US demanded humiliating terms including $250,000 in bribes. Adams called off the negotiations. The French officials were known as X, Y and Z. Americans were angry at French and used our navy for some small victories over French warships. But Congress had to impose unpopular taxes on stamps and land to pay for this.

1) authorized the President to arrest and support non-citizens who criticized the government 2) since most non-citizen immigrants supported the Democratic Republicans, the Federalists were able to use this to keep many of them from becoming citizens

1) made it a crime for citizens to publicly criticize the government. 2) this allowed the Federalists to silence criticism from the Democratic Republicans

1) these were Democratic Republican states 2) the resolutions were written by Jefferson and Madison 3) declared Sedition Act unconstitutional 4) also said states had the power to nullify unconstitutional federal laws (Nullification)

1) Adams lost election to Jefferson in part because of the unpopularity of the Sedition Act and all the new federal taxes 2) Jefferson and his running mate Burr tied but there was no provision in the Constitution for voters to vote separately for President and VP 3) House of Representatives was forced to choose between Jefferson and Burr and chose Jefferson because of Hamilton's support 4) Both were Democratic Republicans 5) Constitution was later amended to require voters to vote separately for President and VP 6) Burr later killed Hamilton in a duel

1) Democratic Republicans not Federalists were now in control of the government. Jefferson wanted to do things differently. 2) encouraged Congress to repeal Alien and Sedition Acts and the new taxes on stamps, land and alcohol 3) reduced the national debt by making cuts to army, navy and the government bureaucracy 4) growth of foreign trade and westward expansion also increased revenue to drive down the debt 5) Jefferson also got rid of the government's display of wealth and adopted a more common touch.

** Supreme Court case that allowed the Court to decide whether laws passed by Congress are constitutional. 1) John Marshall (a Federalist) was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 2) He said the Supreme Court had the power of JUDICIAL REVIEW which would allow the court to review all acts of Congress and the President to determine if they were constitutional. 3) In Marbury vs. Madison, Marbury was an incoming judge (Federalist) appointed by Adams. The new Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to deliver Marbury's papers of appointment. 4) Marbury sued, but Marshall ruled in favor of Madison by declaring part of the Jucidiary Act unconstitutional. 5) The Democratic Repulicans were happy to keep Marbury (a Federalist) off the federal court but they were alarmed that Marshall gave the Supreme Court more sweeping power than they wanted it to have. 6) However, to this day, the Supreme Court is allowed to decide on the Constitutionality of all laws passed by Congress

1) interpreted the Constitution broadly to find the powers needed for a strong federal government 2) established the concept of JUDICIAL REVIEW

**Jefferson wanted the US to expand all the way to the Pacific. More farms were essential to American freedom, but there wasn't enough land available. He wanted to buy New Orleans but Napoleon agreed to sell him the entire Louisiana Territory. 1) By adding the 828,000 square miles of the Louisiana purchase, Jefferson doubled the size of the US and only paid $15 million 2) However, the purchase was embarrassing for Jefferson because he was always against a strong federal government and the Constitution does not provide for buying territory from another government. 3) Jefferson acknowledged that he went beyond the scope of the Constitution with the purchase. ***STUDY MAP (BOOKMARKED IN TEXT)

1) Jefferson declared an embargo, suspending trade with the British because the British kept trying to interfere with American trading with the French by stopping and confiscating American merchant ships 2) the British also practiced Impressment which was taking American sailors to serve on British ships 3) Jefferson's embargo stopped all trade with British by keeping American ships in port. He thought that would starve the British and cause rioting. 4) But the embargo did not work because it bankrupted American merchants, American farmers could not sell their crops and the British found other markets in South America. 5) Federalists gained support after this because people were angry with Jefferson

1) he was an Indian warrior who wanted to preserve American Indian culture and unite the Indians against American expansion west. He was angry about the government's use of dishonest treaties to take their land. 2) while he was traveling in the south to find allies, Governor Harrison of the Indiana territories defeated the Indians at the Battle of Tippicanoe. 3) this hurt the American Indian movement

US was humiliated by the British interfering with US trade, supporting the Indians and taking US sailors to serve on British ships, President Madison urged Congress to declare war on British. A group of politicians in Congress called the WAR HAWKS also wanted war with Britain to restore national honor. War Hawks included Calhoun and Clay.

1) Urged by Jefferson, US invaded Canada (believing that taking Canada would cause the British to make concessions. 2) Invasion of Canada was a disaster--US army was too small, badly trained militia, resistance by British and American Indian forces (led by Tecumseh) 3) However, the small US navy did better, capturing some British ships 4) US also defeated American Indian forces within the US, killed Tecumseh and other Indians allied with the British 5) US managed to drive back the British that invaded the US even though the British captured the capital and burned the White House. 6) British suffered defeat at Baltimore ( Star Spangled Banner about British attack on Ft. McHenry) 7) American ships defeated British ships in New York and British had to retreat to Canada

Battle of New Orleans was US greatest victory -General Andrew Jackson victory came a month after the peace Treaty at Ghent because it took so long for the news to travel by ship

Both sides were weary of war Signed peace treaty at Ghent, Belgium that restored the boundaries from before the war Treaty also established a commission to discuss future boundary disputes Americans interpreted the Treaty as a victory because of Jackson's victory at New Orleans The end of the war weakened Federalist support because the Federalists had opposed the war that turned out to be popular once it was over War also ended resistance from American Indians in the west

See bookmarked sections in the text for how to analyze a political cartoon. Also study maps.