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Popular Theatre

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•Theatre designed to appeal to a broad audience. •Theatre generally designed to make money. •More likely to be comedy than theatre created for "artistic" reasons.

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Commedia dell'Arte

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Began in the 16th century Traveling troupes of actors Semi-improvised with plots from roman comedies and lazzi Use of stock characters Performance was highly physical

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Lazzi

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physical comedy, slap stick

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Stock characters

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often based on regional stereotypes (dress or act in a certain way) characters are familiar to the audience Unmasked are lovers Masked are servants and masters Characters are based on the costumes they wear

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Commedia dell'Arte: The story, the style

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Old Men: Pantalone, il Dottore- blocking characters keep lovers from happiness Servants: Arlecchino, Brighella- help the lovers to achieve their goal

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Opera Buffa

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Known as comic opera No masks, no stereotypes, and lighthearted language Began early 18th century Very popular with "everyday people" vs. opera seria which was meant as high art Similar plots and characters to commedia The Barber of Seville

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Opera Seria

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Serious opera with big costumes and was very dramatic. Considered high art

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Rosini

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The Barber of Seville Opera Buffa

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French Neoclassical Comedy

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less concerned with unities under less scrutiny than tragedy, but still expected to promote morality

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Molière

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Real name: Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Playwright and actor/manager and also arranged performances for the king's court Used stage name to not dishonor his family's name Career had many ups and downs- no mask, has own stock characters, less physical comedy Had to tour outside of paris

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Molière's Major plays

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Tartuffe The Misanthrope The Imaginary Invalid

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Tartuffe, or The Hypocrite

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Tension between who tartuffe thought he was and what people thought he was First performed at palace of versailles in front of king louis xiv- censored by king went through several revisions- final messenger as "deus ex machine"

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The Misanthrope

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written by moliere

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The Imaginary Invalid

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The Imaginary Invalid is a three-act comédie-ballet by the French playwright Molière with dance sequences and musical interludes by Marc-Antoine Charpentie.

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Molière's Aesthetics

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Influenced by Commedia dell'Arte Plays tend to be satirical and mock society Does it through comedy so statements aren't so harsh Farce- breaks rules of society Popular with audiences often unpopular with those in power- Careful not to mock monarchy

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Jean de Santeuil

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Comedy criticizes customs through honor Molière

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Farce

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Overturns rules of society, is high energy, physical movement, people hide when others walk into room

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Tartuffe preface

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If one takes the trouble to examine my comedy in good faith, he will surely see that my intentions are innocent throughout, and tend in no way to make fun of what men revere; that I have presented the subject with all the precautions that its delicacy imposes; and that I have used all the art and skill that I could to distinguish clearly the character of the hypocrite from that of the truly devout man

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Major characters in Tartuffe

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Madame Pernelle, Elmire, Damis, Mariane, Cléante, Dorine, Orgon, Valère, Tartuffe

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Madame Pernelle

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Orgon's mother Tartuffe

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Elmire

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Orgon's second wife; stepmother of Damis and Mariane Tartuffe

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Damis

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Orgon's son Tartuffe

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Mariane

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Orgon's daughter, engaged to Valère Tartuffe

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Cléante

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Elmire's brother Tartuffe

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Dorine

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Mariane's outspoken maid Tartuffe

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Orgon

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Father of the house, follower of Tartuffe Tartuffe

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Valère

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Engaged to Mariane Tartuffe

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Tartuffe

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the hypocrite

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Tartuffe summary

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Orgon trusts tartuffe, tartuffe wants orgons wife elmire, orgon wants tratuffe to mary mariane, orgon signs papers to tartuffe, tartuffe is exposed as a hypocrite by elmire when she tells orgon to hide and listen, tartuffe tries to evict family but the king sees him as a hypocrite and imprisons him and returns everything to orgon.

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Theatrical conventions definition

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Common style or system whose meaning is and easily understood and agreed on by audiences and artists Can often seem entirely natural or "the only way to do things" by people who are familiar with the dramatic form Can often seem confusing or strange/bad to outsiders

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Theatrical conventions we've discussed

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Verse in Shakespeare and Molière The fourth wall Realistic acting Brecht relied on surprising his audience by breaking conventions

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Theatrical conventions of kabuki theatre

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VERY different from the one's you're used to, but are easily understood by Japanese audiences

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Kabuki Aesthetics: Key aspects

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Music- always going on, traditional japanese music, rhythm to it Movement-very important! scripts are very short because its more about the movement and make up rather than dialogue, sharp or jerky movements Elaborate Design- Make up, costume, set, etc. Men- played woman roles since women were not allowed to act or be in the theatre

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Kabuki aesthetics

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Generally loud and exciting- Contrast with Noh theatre, which involves stillness, simplicity and spirituality, and was generally for the elite Performances would last about 12 hours- audiences came and went

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Rise of Kabuki

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Early 17th Century Time of relative prosperity, isolation Thought to come out of dance traditions Form of theatre for the people- middle and working class have the money and time Around museum theatre

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Kabuki stage

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Trap door Overturning stage All man powered Center of the stage rotates Very bright sets, artistic not realistic Build the set to make the changes very smooth and easy, part of the artistry Actors can invade the audiences space Long entrances to make Relatively small things that add to it, such as the the breaking tree branch

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Hanamichi

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Runway into audience

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Kabuki scripts

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Often improvised or adapted from other stories semi improvised, script outline that they fill in for themselves Episodic rather than linear break the time and unity of place Not divided into tragedy and comedy Subjects varied, but often history (especially samurai) or domestic scenes they are trained to play these roles for long periods of time( type cast)

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Kabuki Character types

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Tachiyaku, Katakiyaku, Dokekata, Koyaku, Onnagata

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Tachiyaku

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Good, loyal, courageous men heroes

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Katakiyaku

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Villainous men

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Dokekata

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Comic roles (including comic villains) coyote, comic relief

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Koyaku

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Children's roles children of the family(troop)

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Onnagata

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Women's roles played by men, seen by the most difficult

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Tis Pity She's a *****

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brother and sister have sexual relations and she gets married to someone else, brother goes crazy from jealousy, he kills her then everyone else

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commonwealth of england

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theater outlawed

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reign of king james 1 and king charles 1

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theater bloody and sexual

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restoration of monarchy

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king charles 2 come back from exile in france to take over england; leads to a strong influence of french culture; celebrates things that were denied by his predecessor eg. many mistresses

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restoration theater

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heavily influenced by french theater esp. the comedies audiences went to theater to see and be seen women on stage for first time in england (these women viewed as only slightly better than prostitutes) charles 2 mistress Nell Gwynne famous actress

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Nell Gwynne

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famous actress charles 2 mistress english restoration theater

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restoration comedy

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Mirrors lightheartedness of Charles' court Sexual humor- not so much violence anymore, happy monarchy is restored, not so much making fun of people anymore Focus on upper middle class and lower nobility- nobody wrote about the king Often complicated plots, with several slightly related subplots

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Comedy of Restoration: Comedy of Manners

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Humor comes from situations, word play - audiences must be familiar with social rules to see humor. not trying to change the rules society Later examples of this genre: School for Scandal (1777) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895)

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Comedy of Restoration: Intrigue and adventure

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less overtly humorous frequently set outside of england

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School for Scandal

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Richard Sheridan

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The Importance of Being Earnest

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Oscar Wilde

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Characters in Restoration Comedy

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Rake Fop Women roles defined by expertise Character names often reveal personality traits/flaws eg. sir willful witwould in Way of the World eg. sir foppington in The Relapse, or Virtue in Danger

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Rake

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young man who is charming but not particularly reliable or moral. Often the hero. gambles, drinks, womanizer, but dashing, he doesn't reform

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Fop

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man too obsessed with fashion; often thinks he is wittier than he is. often elements of feminist

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Women's roles in Resoration comedy

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Generally defined by their levels of experience in/comfort with high society. Heroines generally fall in the middle: witty, but not too experienced Young sweet innocent girl- when she enters society she is tired of being good Older women who is trying to reclaim her youth, often a widow

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Aphra Behn

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First female professional playwright Before writing was spy for King Charles 2 Plays are more about adventure and intrigue than comedy of manners (plays don't take place in England because she is well traveled) The Rover (1677)

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The Rover

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Aphra Behn Set in Naples during Commonwealth period Romantic adventures of several Englishmen during "Carnival" Shown that Italy characters have a lot of freedom, Adventures of an english men who fled the country when the king died.

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The Country Wife (1675)

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By William Wycherley Several plots: Pinchwife jealously tries to maintain the innocence/ naiveté of his young wife Margery (the titular country wife) very controlling of his wife. "Breeches role" of female characters dressed as men. Horner spreads false rumors of his impotence so he can have access to married women without their husbands' suspicion The China Scene: Horner is "looking at china" with the wife in a closed bedroom

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William Wycherley

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The Country Wife

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Changes since Restoration

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Another backlash against monarchy. "Glorious Revolution" Mary 2 replaces father for power. Increased power to parliament therefore less monarchy power. Theater was tied to monarchy. Rise of middle class the target audience now. Theatre caters to middle class even more: plots less about sex, more about money.

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Anti- Theatricality

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Theatre is a power tool, neutral tool, can be used for good or bad. All of these things that theatre should be able to do. Right now it's just showing bad and there aren't any consequences at the end of the play.

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Theatre Licensing Act of 1737

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All new plays must be approved by Lord Chamberlain. "Spoken drama" can only be produced at limited number of "patent theatres". Effects: Emphasis on "safer" domestic plays, return to older plays (especially Shakespeare) plays only need to be cleared the first time, so can use old ones with no problem.

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Lord Chamberlain

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He can demand revisions of forbid the play entirely This lasts until 1968 Things that were sexual or making fun of the monarchy were discarded. They were very nitpicky on what they let through (would take out single words).

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"Spoken drama"

answer

During 18th century, at most three in London. If you got a patent then you were in good shape, but you don't want to make the government mad. Pieces with significant musical or non-narrative components can be produced elsewhere. Only places to go see scripted theatre.

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Theatre Production in the 18th Century

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Because of Theatre Licensing Act, there was limited competition between theatres Continued rise of stars, actor manager system Example: David Garrick Increasing emphasis on morality, emotion. Higher emotions not lust and angry, supposed to lift you up. Design: often elaborate sets and costumes which could be reused from production to production they would be doing different shows all the time, change it up.

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Sentimental Comedies

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Also called "weeping comedies". End happily (usually with marriage) not necessarily funny. Emphasize morality, triumph of good over evil. Characters usually were led astray but reformed.

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The Conscious Lovers

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Richard Steele playright. Sentimental Comedies. Arranged marriages rejected in favor of love matches. Disparities in class fixed by discovery of young orphan's true father. Love can transcend all boundaries(social classes).

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"Laughing Comedy"

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Generally comedy of manners; plays rely on humor. More similar to Restoration plays than sentimental comedies but with greater focus on morality. Much less common- Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Oliver Goldsmith are two who attempt this. They are rare in this time period, they tend to be popular when done, but don't want to do them very often as to not draw attention to themselves.

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Olive Goldsmith on Laughing vs Weeping Comedy

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There are few things that the audience needs to be guided on and Laughing Comedy does a better job than Weeping Comedy.

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Richard Brinsley Sheridan

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Most noteworthy of the sentimental comedy genre. Balance of sentiment and comedy. Wrote "The Rivals" and "School for Scandals". Manager of Drury Lane Theatre for several years. Wasn't an actor. Gradually handed over management as he became more invested in politics Politician- Member of Parliament for 32 years, of the whig party- generally supported limited monarchy, he wants to tweak behavior not change completely

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The School for Scandal

answer

Richard Sheridan, 1777. Featuring Sir Peter Teazle, Maria, Lady Sneerwell, Sir Benjamin Backbite, and Charles Surface. Restoration comedy. Lady Sneerwell and a group of friends meet often at her house to create and spread malicious gossip. The affairs in this play would never happen in Weeping Comedies or they would be reprimanded more. Sheridan wants to tweak behavior not change completely. Keep in mind the big thing in this play is money!!

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Melodrama

answer

Very popular form in late 18th and 19th centuries. Develops out of comic opera, sentimental comedy. Originally French, comes to England and then U.S. Name literally translates as "music drama" music is very important, used to get people to feel a certain way. Reinforces community values. Values emotion rather than reason.

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Characteristics of a Melodrama Script

answer

Clear division between good and evil. Designed to provoke sentimental reactions (happiness, pity, sorrow, fear). Moments of extreme tension, but justice is done at the end. Usually ends happily, if not, ends beautifully and sentimentally. Often adapted from novels (may have big, complex plots). Melodrama for social reform (particularly common in U.S.). Identifies a particular social problem (alcoholism, slavery, etc). Creates villain that embodies that problem. Defeat of the villain means defeat of the problem.

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Stock Characters in a melodrama

answer

Embody social norms/ideals Heroines: delicate, innocent, young, needs to be rescued. Heroes: strong, noble, masculine Villains: immoral and malicious (often tries to force heroine to marry him)

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Other Common Characters in a melodrama

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Hero's sidekick: assists hero, good (but perhaps not quite as noble), sometimes provides comic relief. Fallen woman: prostitute, woman who was otherwise "led astray." Often compassionate, kind, but can never fully redeem her past sins. Mother figure: maternal, kind. Often used by villain to manipulate heroine.

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Melodrama in Performance

answer

Music - singing and underscoring Visual spectacles such as animals, flooded stages, panoramas, pyrotechnics, etc. Also can have many scenes with elaborate scenery. Scripts often written to allow for dramatic special effects at the end of each scene. Acting style - presentational, performing for a wow.

question

Uncle Tom's Cabin

answer

Based on Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel. Characters/ideas widely used in many formats. Many adaptations - most produced play of the 19th century in the U.S, in one year about 500 touring companies produced this play. Major characters: Uncle Tom, Little Eva, Simon Legree.

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Good vs. Evil seen today in Melodrama

answer

Action movies Disney Soap Operas Lifetime Movies Celebrity culture (esp tabloids)

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Spectacle seen today in Melodrama

answer

Broadway, Las Vegas, etc. Action movies

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Underscoring seen today in Melodrama

answer

Most movies

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Minstrelsy - Basics

answer

White male performers in blackface (initially - later, also black performers in blackface). Draws on romantic notions of slavery. Slaves happy, loyal, childlike, dependant on whites. Allegedly based on "authentic" slave performances. (people take it as a literal representation) Exaggerated physicality; Make up- white around eyes with black face to look more african american; Dance- exaggerated, not skilled. Highly stereotyped dialect. "yes masa"

question

Minstrelsy origin

answer

first truly american form of performance Virginia Minstrels, Christy Minstrels - 1840s T.D. Rice- Jump Jim Crow Develops in opposition to abolitionist movement

question

T.D. Rice

answer

the father of minstrelsy 1828 - "Jump Jim Crow" Begins as a comic afterpiece to another show, so popular that he uses it more and more often.

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Virginia Minstrels, Christy Minstrels - 1840s

answer

Create entire evening of entertainment Solidify formal structure

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Minstrel Shows

answer

Most popular in the North US with white, working-class male audiences.

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Minstrel show music

answer

Banjo, tambourine, percussion (aka "bones") Stephen Foster: "Old Folks at Home (Swanee River)," "Camptown Races" Dance -savage or "cakewalk" the black would make fun of the white, the white would make fun of the blacks

question

Format of a Minstrel Show

answer

Variety (many different short, unrelated pieces) Minstrel Line/Semi Circle Olio Afterpiece Note that not all plays that use blackface are Minstrel shows - they must follow (basically) this format

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Minstrel Line/Semi Circle

answer

(jokes, dance, songs, Interlocutor)

question

Olio

answer

(short comic pieces, often including "stump speech")

question

Afterpiece

answer

(longer skit - often parody of popular story, e.g. Uncle Tom's Cabin)

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Characters in Minstrel Shows

answer

Interlocutor - straight man, not in blackface Tambo and Bones - musicians

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General Stereotypes of characters in minstrel shows

answer

Sambo - happy, lazy, stupid. Often musical, laughing (also known as Jim Crow) Zip Coon - Northern free slave, tries to mimic white ways but gets them wrong (often delivers stump speech) Mammy - Fat, sexless, looks after white children Uncle Tom - Older man, loyal to white masters Pickaninny - Savage, undisciplined child Frequently accepted as authentic by white audiences

question

Black Performers

answer

More prominent post-Civil War. Forced to black up, play derogatory stereotypes. Couldn't participate in entertainment industry in any other way. Were able to gain fame, money.

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Bert Williams (1874-1922)

answer

Popular black entertainer, famous enough to be able to do some less racist work.

question

Blackface outside of Minstrel Shows

answer

Frequently used for non-white characters through mid 20th century. (Othello in Othello) Often used in even relatively sympathetic depictions of black people (Uncle Tom's Cabin)

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Legacies of Minstrelsy

answer

Roles open to African Americans in film/television (esp Mammy) "Ghetto/gangsta/thug" parties Performances of other races? (Yellowface, brownface, redface, etc)

question

Burlesque

answer

Popular in Britain and US 1830s-1930s Transforms a lot during those years, long life span. Uses variety show format: Showgirls, stripping, risqué songs very comedic; ALSO: political humor, satire, parodies of classics. NOT family friendly - target audience is men. English burlesque emphasizes comedy, American emphasizes attractive women.

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Vaudeville

answer

Variety show format with WIDE range of acts. Comedy, Song/dance, ventriloquism, magic, animals, acrobatics, jugglers, etc. Drew from many different artistic and cultural traditions. Very family friendly.

question

Comic opera

answer

Also called "operetta," "light opera". Grew out of Opera Buffa Opera for audiences of "common people" happy plot, middle class, language was easier,. Depicts people other than highest nobility, uses vernacular language. Mostly sung, with short bits of dialogue, it's between musical, and traditional opera. Lighthearted romances; obstacles are (relatively) easily overcome.

question

English comic opera

answer

tends to focus on comedy, clever word play, intellectual pleasure.

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European comic opera

answer

plots are more sentimental, often set in "exotic" locations.

question

Gilbert and Sullivan

answer

Produced for middle class audiences, generally premiering at the Savoy Theatre in London. Wrote fourteen comic operas.

question

Gilbert

answer

wrote libreto

question

Sullivan

answer

wrote music

question

Common features of Gilbert and Sullivan

answer

Young romantic pair, older comic pair(s). Two choruses, divided by gender. Ridiculous solutions to conflict. Patter song.

question

Gilbert and Sullivan as social satire

answer

Gently poke fun at institutions/practices of Victorian England. Elements of comedy of manners. Goal is to entertain, not create major change. Maintains strong patriotic elements. Examples: Iolanthe: Parlimentary politics The Mikado: Victorian morality / obsession with purity Patience: Aesthetics / poetry (esp Oscar Wilde)

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H.M.S. Pinafore

answer

Social satire: Title of the opera, Class and romance, Sir Joseph as stand in for First Lord of the Admiralty W.H. Smith Reinforces status quo: Through Patriotism: "A British Tar" "He is an Englishman"

question

Pinafore in the US

answer

Free circulation - no copyright, therefore americans can show it however they want, traditional, gimicks or parodies. Merchandizing through Sheet music and Other knick knacks. Shared popular culture common to most citizens therefore the audience could relate. Followed with Pirates of Penzance, which premiered in US.

question

"Works Progress Administration"

answer

FDR creates to fund public projects and create employment

question

The Federal Theatre Project

answer

Created as part of WPA. Hallie Flanagan (1890-1969), director. Ambitious, wide variety of programs and goals. $46 million spent over 4 years.

question

Harry Hopkins, architect of WPA

answer

"I am asked whether a theatre subsidized by the government can be kept free from censorship, and I say yes, it is going to be kept free from censorship. What we want is a free, adult, uncensored theatre."

question

FTP Employ artists goal

answer

Employed 12,700 artists (including actors, directors, designers, stagehands). Hire only professionals.

question

FTP reach audiences goal

answer

Produce theatre relevant to population. Free and subsidized tickets. 20 million patrons. 42,000 performances in over 40 states.

question

Locations of FTP

answer

Based in Washington and New York • Regional companies • Touring productions • Performances in 40 states • Performed in theatres, churches, schools

question

Types of Plays (as listed by Flanagan) FTP

answer

Classics Theatre of entertainment (circus, vaudeville, etc) Children's theatre Dance drama American drama Living Newspaper Radio Drama "Negro" Theatre

question

Living Newspaper FTP

answer

Purpose: educate audience on one major issue that effect them. -Heavily researched o Writers include out-of-work journalists o Precursor to Documentary Theatre, but not verbatim Non-realistic writing and staging Example: One Third of a Nation (subject: housing)

question

Living newspaper characters

answer

"Loudspeaker" / "Voice of the Living Newspaper" "Little Man" Historical figures Generalized citizens

question

FTP Creating a Shared experience

answer

Stage a show simultaneously in many cities. Example: 21 productions of It Can't Happen Here by Sinclair Lewis open on October 27, 1936. Satire warning about how fascism might take hold in the US. Adaptation of novel by prominent novelist. Each production has its own director, designers, etc, so all are different.

question

FTP Creating New Plays

answer

Funding for artists who take risks, push boundaries The Cradle Will Rock (1937 musical by Mark Blitzstein) Non-realistic, didactic. Characters stand in for ideas/professions

question

The Cradle will rock

answer

By Mark Blitzstein Mr. Mister, a rich industrialist controls all of "Steeltown, USA" (Newspapers, college, church, artists, doctors). He is challenged by Larry Foreman and the unions. Production shut down days before it opens on Broadway. Staged anyway (starts as concert by Blitzstein, actors join in defiance of union rules).

question

Problems with FTP

answer

Massive bureaucracy Fear of communism Potentially subversive ideas in The Cradle Will Rock and Living Newspapers Congress cancels funding in 1939

question

Book

answer

the spoken dialogue

question

lyrics

answer

the sung words

question

libretto

answer

lyrics + book

question

Score

answer

Lyrics + music played by the band/orchestra

question

Choreography/ Choreographer

answer

The dances and the person who designs and teaches the dances.

question

Early Musicals

answer

Songs inserted into book without much connection. Plots tend to be light, romantic comedy. Showboat First integrated musical- uses songs to tell story Deals with serious issues- racism, martial struggles.

question

The book musical

answer

Ultimate "integrated" musical- every aspect helps tell story. Dialogue would flow naturally into song. (when too much emotion they would usually sing; too much to sing they dance) Often a love story with characters who don't initially like each other.

question

Golden Age Musical Theatre

answer

World War 2, Cold War. Musicals are major part of American popular culture. Most are book musicals at this time. Generally display optimistic stories with American values and patriotism, whether or not the play is based in the US. Cast recordings became very popular. Focus on woman protagonist.

question

My Fair Lady

answer

Example of Golden Age Musical Theatre based in another country.

question

Oklahoma!

answer

By Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. Based on play Green Grow the Lilacs by Lynn Riggs. Challenged many conventions of musical theatre, first "real" book musical. Full integration: Book + Songs + Dance

question

Oklahoma plot

answer

Set in Oklahoma Territory (before statehood). Love story between Curley (a cowboy) and Laurey (who comes from a farming family). Action revolves around the lead up to a barn-raising party.

question

"No Legs, no jokes, no chance!"

answer

Early reviewer (before Broadway) for Oklahoma!

question

Dream Ballet

answer

Dance used to show character's inner feelings. Used in Oklahoma

question

Concept Musical

answer

Idea rather than story is central. May be episodic, focus on large ensemble of characters. Example: A Chorus Line.

question

A Chorus Line

answer

Focuses on lives of dancers auditioning to be part of a chorus line. Backstage look at the hard work and individuality of a group that is often in the background and seen as uniform.

question

Into the Woods

answer

Music and Lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, Book by James Lapine Characters from Grimm fairytales with addition of Baker and his Wife (new story).

question

Rock Opera

answer

Rock music, minimal dialogue. Like rock music, rock operas tend to be transgressive, push boundaries. Examples: Hair, Jesus Christ Superstar, Rent

question

Mega Musical

answer

Significant influx of British composers/writers. Everything is BIG including plots, casts, design. Example: Les Miserables. Most shows by Andrew Lloyd Webber, including Cats (1982) and Phantom of the Opera (1986)

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