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Jeremy Collier

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Condemns the characters of Restoration comedies as impious and wicked and he condemned their creators (the playwrights) for failing to punish the playwrights' wicked "favorites."

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Montesquieu

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Separation and balance of powers in government to end of monarchy

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Voltaire

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religious tolerance

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Rousseau

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government exists because of an agreement among the people governed - not between a ruler and subjects - therefore government officials are representatives, responsible to their constituents; humanity is better off in a "state of nature."

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The American Revolution

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1775-1783

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The French Revolution

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1789-1799

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Baroque

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Emphasized detail, color, and ornamentation to create a total visual illusion

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Rococo

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Less ornate and grandiose than baroque, still characterized by careful attention to detail

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Eighteenth Century Culture (3 things)

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1. Rise of Middle Class 2. Age of Enlightenment (Who?) 3. French and American Revolution

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Middle-Class Tragedy

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1. Heroes and Heroines from middle class 2. Rewarding good, punishing wicked (The London Merchant)

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Denis Diderot

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1. The Paradox of Acting 2. drame bourgeious 3. Encyclopedie Combination of serious and comic elements

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The Paradox of Acting

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The best actors invoke strong emotions in an audience by using calculation and craft, not by experiencing these emotions themselves.

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Neoclassical Ideals (3 Unities)

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1. Time- 24 hours 2. Place- One locale 3. Action- No subplots

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Storm and Stress

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Germany Based on Lessing's The Hamburg Dramaturgy Shakespeare championed Rejected dramatic rules Radical in subject matter and style Important forerunner to 19th century romanticism

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The School for Scandal- Sheridan

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Charles Surface- good hearted brother Joseph Surface- lying and fake brother Punished Joseph, rewards Charles

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laughing comedy

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Force audience to laugh at their own absurdities and eccentricities. Eg School for Scandal

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Commedia dell'arte

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Improvised dialogue around a fixed scenario. Stock Characters

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Pantalone

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• Middle aged or elderly merchant • Often posed as a young man and courted young women. • Costume- tight-fitting red vest, red breeches and stocking, black cape • His mask included a large hooked nose and a scraggly gray beard

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Dottore

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• Pantalone's friend or rival • Dressed in academic's robes • Loved to show off his knowledge (often through extended speeches) • Jealous husband, often cuckolded

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Capitano

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• A braggart who boasted of success on the battlefield and in love (only to be completely discredited in both) • Frequently figured in the action as an unwelcome suitor to one of the young women

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Arlecchino/Harlequin

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• Most popular • Mixture of cunning and stupidity • Accomplished dancer and acrobat • Usually at the center of any intrigue • Costume underwent many changes (motley)

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Columbine

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• Free, insolent, not slave to bonds of love, witty, vane, gossipy, happy to engage in intrigue at someone else's expense. • Usually Arlecchino's companion, the only woman to sometimes wear a mask on stage (when in disguise to assist with the intrigue)

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Zanni (servants)

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• Most scripts required two: one clever, the other stupid. • Kept plots moving, alternately helping and thwarting their masters.

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Carlo Goldoni

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• Upper middle class • Encouraged "realistic" more "lifelike" characters • Discouraged masks • Softened stock characters, lessened vulgarity • "one of the first realistic playwrights"

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Carlo Gozzi

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• Encouraged "theatre of the fabulous" • Inspired by Asian myths • Inspired the romantics of the early 19th C. and nonrealistic theatre of the 20th C

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Boulevard Theatres of France

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• Located on the Boulevard du Temple • Catered to popular tastes • Comic opera, pantomime, melodrama

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The Licensing Act of 1737

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In England, restricted performances to Drury Lane and Covent Garden. Circumvented Act. Eg selling hot chocolate

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Theatre Design- 18th Century

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• Building on the Italian Renaissance • Torelli's pole and chariot • Multiple-point perspective • Bibiena Family: Baroque art, Elaborate ornamentation,Angle Perspective

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The Hallam Family

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English acting group responsible for reviving theatre in America after the American Revolution

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The Bibiena Family

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Scenic and theatre design 1. baroque art 2. vast scale and elaborate ornamentation of settings 3. angle perspective

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18th Century Costumes

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Primitive, often actors own wardrobe Too expensive and not enough knowledge

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Charles Macklin

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Best known for realistic portrayal of Shylock His style of performance was rooted in his gift of observance and mimicry

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Dumesnil

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Bombastic or declamatory style of acting A natural talent who relied on inspiration of the moment to play a part

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Clairon

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She relied on intelligent and industrious preparation Craft over inspiration

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David Garrick

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One of the earliest directors Focused on natural style of acting through meticulous preparation and research

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Johanne Wolfgang von Goethe

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Approach to acting can be found in "Rules for Actors" Forced actors to take their craft seriously Established rules of conduct for audience

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19th Century Social Changes

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1. The industrial revolution 2. Technological advances 3. The rise of nationalism

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Nationalism

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the desire of peoples to establish unified political states and their belief in the superiority of their own nations

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Karl Marx

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"The Communist Manifesto" Working class exploited by owners of private capital, and should be overthrown to create shared wealth

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Charles Darwin

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"On the Ordigin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" - Evolution

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Minstrel Show

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White performers were made up as caricatured blacks "Jim Crow" The show was a combination of comic and sentimental songs, dramatic and farcical skits, and jigs and shuffle dances

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Burlesque

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Parodies of serious plays Modern Day equivalent to Austin Powers and Scary Movie

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Variety and Vaudeville

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Collection of entertainments - songs, dances, acrobatics, and animal acts

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Circus

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Made famous by P.T. Barnum Exhibited human curiosities and presented a variety of acts for families

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19th Century Audiences

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Passionate about theatre Similar to emotions at a rock concert

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Old Price Riots

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Kemble changes ticket price and makes less seats available at Covent Garden Results in rioting for 60 days until theatre gave in

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Hernani Riots

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After "Hernani" by Victor Hugo shown at Comedie Francaise (neoclassical theatre) Neoclassicism vs. Romanticism

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Astor Place Riots

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Rivalry between William Macready and Edwin Forrest Nationalism was at the root of this riot that killed 22 people

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Anna Cora Mowatt

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Paved way for modern actresses. She brought pride upon the profession and also was a playwright ("Fashion")

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"Fashion"

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Written by Anna Cora Mowatt First American social comedy- American sensibility rather than slavish imitation of foreign fashions Yankee character- bases of Uncle Sam

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Romanticism

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a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

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Melodrama

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a literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response

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The Well-Made Play

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builds mechanically to climactic moments. Intended to arouse interest, not to create truthful emotions of characterizations. Cause and Effect Development. Revolves around a secret known to audience, but not characters.

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The Keans

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Edmund Kean- famous for perfect technique and volatile personality Charles Kean- pictorial realism and historical accuracy

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The Kembles

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John Philip Kemble Sarah Siddons- greatest tragic actress/ "queen of tragedy

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The Delsarte Acting Method

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Convey emotions through specific gestures Studying human movement, action, and emotion

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Ira Aldridge

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A gifted African American actor that gained popularity in Europe

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Sarah Bernhardt

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Flamboyant and master of stage technique Similar to Dumesnil

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Eleonora Duse

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Sincerity and inner fire rather than outward flamboyance Wore no makeup but used expressive face, eyes and gestures to convey the thoughts of a character

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19th Century actor-managers

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Responsible for choosing scripts, casting, overseeing rehearsals, working with scene painters, selecting costumes, and dealing with finances Macready and Madame Vestris

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Playwright-managers

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Oversaw elements of productions Wrote it and then influenced production

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Madame Vestris

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Payed close attention to all aspects of production Credited with introducing the box-set

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Laura Keene

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Was a successful female manager Used matinees and successful plays

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Richard Wagner

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A production should be a "masterwork", combining elements to create "total theatre"

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Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

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He supervised the court theatre, planning and directing productions and providing sketches for scenery and costumes Focused on accuracy and Meiningen company was very successful

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Proscenium Theatre

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The audience faces in one direction. Scene changes are made behind the proscenium opening, out of sight of the audience

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Booth's Theatre

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first modern theatre in New York Individual armchairs and scenery elavators

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Edwin Booth

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America's finest actor Famous for portrayal of Hamlet

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Wagner's Festspielhaus

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"continental seating"

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19th Century Theatre Technology

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Historical accuracy The moving panorama Elevator stage Revolving stage Steel MacKaye Gas lighting Incandescent lamps

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The Working Class- Late 19th Century

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Gaining for rights and developing unions

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Freud

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Psychoanalysis Dreams could be explained

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Einstein

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Theory of Relativity Religion and "natural order" questioned

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Nietzsche

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influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values (1844-1900)

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19th Century Technology

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inventions like the telephone, electric light, and "flying machine" made daily life much easier

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Theatrical Syndicate

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formed by 6 producers who controlled all the best playhouses across the country

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Realism

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• Resembled what people could observe around them • Seen as scandalous because no subject should be excluded from the stage • Purpose of drama was to call attention to social problems • Political and social reform

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Henrik Ibsen

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• Known for his mastery of dramatic technique, his psychological insights in human nature, and his poetic symbolism • Earliest play are romantic verse dramas examining the Norwegian national character • Middle period, the popular social dramas, used the interaction of people with society • In his last plays, he moved towards symbolism and mysticism

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Émile Zola

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prominent naturalist who believed an artist should present a picture of the real world without making his or her presence known

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Théatre Libre

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"Free theatre" in Paris, France. Funded by subscriptions and showed realism

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Freie Bühne

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"Free stage" in Berlin. Differed by having board of directors, professional performers, and professional theatres

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The Independent Theatre

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founded by Grein in London. Introduced realists and naturalists like Zola, Ibsen, and Shaw.

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George Bernard Shaw

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his play, Mrs. Warren's Profession, led to the entire acting cast being arrested after the performance because of production's content

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Moscow Art Theatre

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Successful produced Chekhov's "The Sea Gull" ran by Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko in Russia

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André Antoine

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founded the Théatre Libre. Used ideas like the "fourth wall" and the box set to make it real, departed from star system and chose actors to create ensemble performances

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Anton Chekhov

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One of the best short story writers in Russia Relied on indirect action and character development to create tension

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Konstantin Stanislavski

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founded the Moscow Art Theatre and produced Chekhov's plays

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The Stanislavskian Technique

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Sought to "reeducate" people to act naturally and convincing 1. To make behavior convincing 2. To have actor convey the goals and objectives-the inner needs- to the audience 3. To make the life of the character onstage not only dynamic but continuous 4. To develop ensemble playing with other performers on stage • Relaxation, Concentration and Observation, Importance of Specifics, Inner Truth (IF), What? Why? How?, Through Line of a Role, Ensemble Playing

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Symbolism

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no plot action and used metaphors and symbols to get across complex plots

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Maurice Maeterlinck

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most successful symbolist dramatist, "a shadow, a reflection, a projection of symbolic forms"

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Frank Wedekind

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German playwright who used symbolist styles with realistic subject matter

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August Strindberg

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Episodes of chaos in this life fueled his symbolic and sometimes controversial plays. Would have influence on the surrealist movement and theatre of the absurd

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Adolphe Appia

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first to develop a theory of antirealistic staging and use multidirectional lighting

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Edward Gordon Craig

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loved the limelight and wanted to free theatre from realism (with light)

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Vsevelod Meyerhold

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counterpart to Stanislavski, expressed opinion for Socialist reform, biomechanics (actors body trained like machine) constructivist sets (Tinkertoys)

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Max Reinhardt

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Eclectic and innovative use of theatre space

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Yevgeny Vakhtangov

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Believed every production had it's own inherent style

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Mikhail Chekhov

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Maintained that a performer could create a realistic stage portrayal by finding physical characteristics for a role that would trigger emotional responses

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Henry Irving

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Similar to Booth, Wagner, and the duke insisting on total effect in his productions

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Bert Williams and George Walker

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Comedians who put African Americans on stage

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Anita Bush

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founded Lafayette Players

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