question

Constructivist views of learning are grounded in the research of

answer

many psychologists and educators

question

Sociological constructivists are concerned primarily with how

answer

public knowledge is created

question

Vygotsky's approach to learning is an example of what type of constructivism?

answer

Both externally and internally directed

question

Piaget's approach to learning is an example of what type of constructivism?

answer

Internally-directed

question

Vygotsky's notion that learning is inherently social and embedded in a particular cultural setting is consistent with

answer

situated-learning

question

Which one of the following ways of learning an applied skill is most consistent with a constructivist approach?

answer

Use realistic materials and a group format to provide support for individuals

question

The principal characteristics of constructivist teaching are complex, real-life learning environments and

answer

social negotiation and shared responsibility

question

A structure for teaching, developed by Jerome Bruner, that introduces the fundamental structure of al l subjects during the early school years and then revisits the subjects in increasingly more complex forms over time, is called what type of curriculum?

answer

Spiral

question

Ms. French would like to have her students, while experimenting with their own structured materials, discover some key principles of gravity. Which one of the following teaching methods should be most appropriate for this purpose?

answer

Inquiry

question

The guided inquiry morel developed by Magnusson, Palincsar, and their colleagues involves both firsthand investigations and

answer

secondhand investigations

question

Using instructional conversations as a teaching tool is designed to provide a means for

answer

grappling with problems in students' zones of proximal development and providing scaffolding.

question

Which one of the following factors is an element of the instructional aspect of instructional conversations?

answer

Promotion of complex language and expressions

question

Which one of the following behaviors is one of the teacher's roles in problem-based learning?

answer

Help students to reflect on their investigations

question

Which one of the following elements does NOT define a true cooperative learning group?

answer

Homogenous grouping

question

In organizing cooperative learning groups, Woolfolk suggests that it is best to

answer

balance the number of boys and girls in each group.

question

Cooperative learning involves the following:

answer

Elaboration, interpretation, and argumentation

question

Research findings suggest that students who tend to benefit most from cooperative learning experiences are those who

answer

are active in explaining things to others.

question

In cooperative learning groups, the role of the student who makes certain no one dominates the group is called the

answer

gatekeeper

question

Marible was assigned the role of making sure her group understands the learning task. Her role is referred to as the

answer

checker

question

The five elements of cooperative learning listed by David and Roger Johnson (1994) include positive interdependence, individual accountability, group processing, collaborative skills and

answer

face-to-face interactions

question

Which one of the following students is playing the role of reflector in a cooperative learning group?

answer

Gary makes sure that the group is aware of its progress or lack of progress toward the group goal.

question

In a cooperative learning situation, the role of the encourager is to

answer

encourage all students to participate.

question

In their writing group, Aron has become the expert on how to write an introductory sentence. When students teach other students about the part in which they have expertise, they are engaged in what type of cooperative learning structure?

answer

Jigsaw

question

In using cooperative learning, it is recommended that teachers

answer

use the assignment of roles as a way to encourage participation.

question

Jigsaw, an early format for cooperative learning, emphasizes what relationship among group members?

answer

High interdependence

question

Bandura suggested that the main limitation of traditional views of learning is that these views are

answer

incomplete

question

Bandura challenged and expanded his early work on behavioral conceptions of learning by focusing on

answer

social learning theory

question

According to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, the most important and influential source of self efficacy information comes from

answer

mastery experiences

question

Ms. Jackson's perception of her capabilities to effectively deal with a particular task is her sense of

answer

self-efficacy

question

When failure does occur, self-regulated learners are LESS likely to

answer

get defensive

question

The following statement is true about the relation between self-efficacy and self-esteem

answer

There is no relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem for academic tasks.

question

In addition to academic learning skills, self-regulated learners have

answer

good self-control abilities

question

In Bandura's social cognitive learning theory, the interaction among personal factors, environmental events, and behaviors is called

answer

reciprocal causality.

question

According to Bandura, expectations are part of which one of the elements that comprise reciprocal causality?

answer

Personal factors

question

Mr. Snow, the math teacher, asks parents to facilitate their child's self-regulation by

answer

modeling how to set specific goals.

question

Which one of the following teaching approaches does Lynn Fuch (2003) recommend for incorporating self-regulated learning strategies into math-problem solving?

answer

At the beginning of each session, students should set new goals based on their previous math performance.

question

Woolfolk suggests the following strategy for teachers in an effort to involve parents in supporting self-regulation within their child:

answer

Ask families to keep records in support of the students' self-evaluation of progress

question

What are the steps involved in self-regulated learning?

answer

Analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies

question

Mr. Jacoby is very effective at encouraging his students to become self-regulated learners because he includes the following in his teaching:

answer

Direct instruction on the aspects of self-regulated learning

question

Which one of the following quotes is an example of high self-efficacy?

answer

"I am usually good at math, so I will do well in this class."

question

Erin is a fifth-grade teacher who has a high degree of efficacy in teaching. Consequently, Erin will most likely

answer

have a high sense of "withitness."

question

Research on self-efficacy and achievement suggests that school achievement is improved and self-efficacy is increased when students

answer

receive rewards or other reinforcements based on the quality of their performances.

question

Which one of the following theories places the greatest emphasis on presenting models so that students can learn from observing others complete a task?

answer

Social cognitive theory

question

According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, peers

answer

can serve as important models and facilitiate student learning.

question

Zimmerman's model of self-regulated learning ends the cycle with

answer

the individual reflecting upon what has been learned and thinking about his or her performance.

question

In Roger Azevedo's research a self-regulation "coach" is

answer

someone who helps students plan their learning and monitor their understanding.

question

Which one of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional self-regulation?

answer

Solving problems independently rather than asking for help when needed.

question

The behavior of which one of the following students best describes the fifth motivation question, which pertains to what the individual is thinking and feeling during an activity?

answer

Anxious Amee, whose worry and anxiety may lead her to make poor choices and procrastinate

question

On Sunday afternoon, Rick spent a couple of hours picking up discarded bottles and cans from a picturesque section of the wildlife refuge, even though he knew he would not get paid anything for his efforts. Rick's motivation is best described as being

answer

Intrinsic

question

Being interested in a task because the activity is enjoyable is what type of motivation?

answer

Intrinsic

question

Ms. Riley tells the class, "If we have a good lesson on fractions, I will credit each of you with a bonus point." She is trying to stimulate what type of motivation?

answer

Extrinsic

question

Externally imposed reward systems seem particularly appropriate for students who are

answer

not interested in the subject.

question

A student's reason for acting is called

answer

locus of causality.

question

In most humanistic theories, motivation is based on

answer

intrinsic needs.

question

The concept of self-determination is an important influence in what view of motivation?

answer

Humanistic

question

According to behavioral theory of motivation, students are motivated primarily by a(n)

answer

desire to gain reinforcers for their behavior.

question

The cognitive approach to motivation is illustrated best by people who respond to

answer

their perceptions of events, not the events themselves.

question

Maria spent many hours trying to complete her geometry proofs. A cognitive interpretation of Maria's motivation is that Maria

answer

is attempting to acquire understanding of how the different theorems work.

question

An "expectancy x value" theory would predict that motivation will necessarily be

answer

zero if either expectation to succeed or the perceived value of a goal is zero

question

In expectancy x value theory, the two sources of motivation are

answer

projected future outcomes and the value of goals.

question

Fred has wanted to be a chef since he was a little kid, and he used to bake cookies with his mother. The behavioral view expert would say that Fred is motivated to be a chef because

answer

of his early childhood reinforcement history

question

Which one of the following statements is the most accurate definition of motivation?

answer

An inner state that arouses, directs, and maintains a person's behavior

question

A student's motivation for learning is heavily influenced by his or her perceived

answer

task value

question

Doug's family is very poor, so he often goes to school with no breakfast and a very small lunch packet. According to Maslow, Doug is failing his classes because what type of needs are not being met?

answer

Deficiency needs

question

Jeremy's interest in history has been decreasing lately. According to Maslow's theory, what should the teacher do?

answer

Determine whether his deficiency needs are met.

question

Which one of the following situations is a valid implication of Maslow's hierarchy for education?

answer

Jennifer, who is feeling ill this week, may show little interest in academic performance

question

In Maslow's hierarchy, self-esteem is considered to be what type of need?

answer

Deficiency

question

Each situation below represents a need in Maslow's hierarchy. Which of the following students demonstrates the most basic need that must be satisfied before any other?

answer

Chuck has been threatened by a neighborhood gang

question

Maslow's hierarchy of needs has been criticized because

answer

people frequently attend to needs in different orders than the hierarchy predicts.

question

According to attribution theory, students who see the causes of their failures as internal and controllable will react to those failures by

answer

finding strategies to succeed the next time.

question

Pride or shame for one's own actions is likely to be felt most strongly by those who attribute their actions to

answer

internal causes.

question

Pat believes that the reason for her success in reading is the effort she puts into it. Pat is reflecting what type of locus of control?

answer

internal

question

As Jim looks at his report card, he remarks to Judy, "I got that B because I really didn't work hard in Mr. Wedel l's calculus class." According to Weiner, Jim is attributing the cause of his grade to causes that are

answer

internal, stable, controllable.

question

Sara attributes failures to internal causes. Consequently, she is likely to blame her poor mark in science on her

answer

lack of effort.

question

Harry is apathetic and certain that he is not able to do the work. He makes poor marks in school and is not inclined to seek help. According to attribution theory, Harry is typical of students who attribute their failures to causes that are

answer

internal, stable, and uncontrollable.

question

Participation in communities of practice is emphasized by what theory of motivation?

answer

Sociocultural

question

Anthony said, "I did well because I was lucky." The type of attribution being demonstrated is

answer

external-unstable.

question

The type of learning goal that a person will be most motivated to reach is one that is

answer

specific and moderately difficult.

question

Dennis often cons his best friends into letting him use one of their papers from last semester for his assignment in psychology this semester. In terms of goals, what type of learner does Dennis appear to be?

answer

Work-avoidant

question

Students with performance goals as opposed to learning goals are concerned primarily with

answer

looking good in front of others.

question

Individuals are naturally motivated to learn by

answer

feedback and goal acceptance.

question

Which one of the following quotes exemplifies a learning or mastery goal?

answer

"Accomplishing this should make me better prepared for Biology 101."

question

An entity view of ability is consistent with what type of goals?

answer

Performance

question

Whenever Matt appears to be having difficulty in completing his science laboratory work, Ms. Butterfield quickly offers to help him and encourages him to continue working. According to Graham (1991), Ms. Butterfield's behavior is likely to result in Matt developing

answer

doubts about his ability.

question

Which one of the following notions is consistent with the idea that "practice makes perfect"?

answer

Incremental view of ability

question

Cognitive evaluation theory explains how praise, criticism, grade assignments, and other events can influence students' intrinsic motivation by affecting their sense of competence and

answer

self-determination.

question

Students who demonstrate "learned helplessness" are likely to

answer

focus on their failures and not seek assistance.

question

As need for achievement increases in spite of fear of failure, what type of student will be motivated to learn?

answer

Mastery-oriented

question

According to Covington and others, which one of the following would be the strongest indicator of whether an individual will be motivated to accept new challenges and risks?

answer

Drive for achievement and an incremental view of ability

question

Sally sets unrealistically high goals for herself but is unsure about her abilities. Woolfolk would be likely to label Sally as

answer

failure-avoiding.

question

What type of belief do failure-accepting students have?

answer

Expectation of failure

question

Ms. Kirkendal l wants to help students develop more positive self-perceptions. What approach is recommended for her to use?

answer

Raising grades based on individual efforts to improve the work assigned

question

Learning and information processing are influenced by reasoning and problem solving as well as by

answer

emotions

question

As reported by Woolfolk, the debilitating effects of anxiety are viewed to be due to

answer

attention being diverted from the learning task to a preoccupation with one's feelings.

question

From the pioneering work of Yerkes and Dodson (1905) to present-day research results, what is the correlation between virtually every aspect of achievement and a wide variety of anxiety measures?

answer

Negative

question

Cindy faces every classroom situation in exactly the same way: she develops sweaty palms and a rapid heart beat. Cindy is likely to be helped most by

answer

highly-structured lessons

question

The following sentence is true about the relationship between motivation and cultural diversity.

answer

When minority students have culturally relevant materials they can be more motivated to learn and teachers are more likely to "catch and hold" their situational interest

Test Clusters 9-11 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards