Test 3 2011 – Flashcards
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Unlock answers 115| who discovered bacteriophages? |
| Fredrick Twort and Feliz d'Herelle |
| What does the word virus mean? |
| Virus is the latin word for poison |
| what are the characteristics of a virus |
Living characteristics of viruses
2. Nonliving characteristics of viruses
|
| who worked on the panama canal episode? |
| Walter Reed |
| What viral disease is associated with Walter Reed |
| Yellow fever that was spread by mosquitoes |
| How did the number of deaths from combat compare to the number of deaths from disease during early wars |
| mor people dies from diseases than actual combat |
| What is another name for Yellow Fever? |
| yellow jacket |
| Who discovered attenuated vaccines |
| Max Theiler |
| What are attenuated vaccines |
| A virulent organism that has been modified to produce a less virulent form, but nevertheless retains the ability to elicit antibodies against the virulent form |
| What nucleic acids are present in a virus? |
| some viruses use RNA as their genetic material and others use DNA but never do they contain both |
| What composes the envelope on a virus |
| composed of lipids, proteins and carbs |
| Where can we find viruses |
| viruses are everywhere, they attack perhaps every form of cellular life on this planet |
| Can they crystallize? |
| yes, they can crystallize like inorganic salts and protein molecules |
| Even within a host viruses can attach to and invade only those cells with the _______. |
| appropriate receptor sites |
| Explain the phases of the life cycle of a virus in order. |
| 1. Absorption 2.Entry/Penetration 3. Biosynthesis 4. Assembly/Maturation 5. Release |
| How long does the;virus life cycle;take |
| from infection to lysis takes 20-40 minutes to produce 50-200 new viruses |
| Which viral stage is dormantWhich is active |
dormant: Viron stage active: infectious stage |
| What are other names for the lysogenic pathway? |
| also known as temperate or LATENT |
| ;an infectious agent that is composed primarily of protein |
| Prions |
| Name diseases caused by prions |
Scrapies (sheep);; ; Mad Cow Disease (cows) ;;;;;;;;;Kuru (fore tribe in new guiena); Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (humans) ; |
| What nucleic acid is present in a prion? |
| no nucleic acid, all protein |
| What are the symptoms of scrapi What animal is involved? |
it affects sheep ; symptoms: intense itching, scrap off wool |
| does heating meat kill prions? |
| no, if infected all animals in that place has to die including the ones around it |
| What does BSE stand for What animal is involved What are the symptoms |
Mad Cow Disease ; cows ;1. the first symptoms are the the cow; has a change in attitide and then cant perform certain tasks such as walking then lose appetite and cannot produce milk. |
; ;Presented a paper to the St. Petersburg Academy of Science ;Showed that extracts from diseased tobacco plants could transmit disease to other plants after passage through ceramic filters. |
| Dmitri Iwanowski |
; Animal viruses were soon discovered via the isolation of the virus responsible for a disease of cattle, foot and mouth disease, in 1898. |
| FreidrichLoeffler and Paul Frosch |
| First human disease |
| Polio |
| The discovery of the first human virus (poliomyelitis) followed in 1900 with the isolation of the yellow fever virus |
| Landsteiner and Popper |
| what are the easiest viruses to grow? |
| bacteriophages |
| What is the case fatality rate for prion diseases? |
| 100% fatal |
| What is a viroid?; What organisms do viroids infect |
;composed of naked RNA that are only 300-400 nucleotides long ; they affect plants only |
| What are virusoidsWhat do virusoids infect? |
| virusoids kill viruses |
| Name some viral diseases |
| Influenza, polio, measles, chickenpox, common cold, herpes |
| Name some oncongenic viruses. |
| human leukemia, lymphoma, epstein barr disease, hodgkins and kaposi sarcoma |
| Name some diseases caused by viruses that have no vaccine. |
| common cold, herpes |
| What are the two ways of controlling microbial growth |
| physical and chemical methods |
| physical methods are.. |
| heating up, filtration, low temperatures, desiccation, osmotic pressure and radiation |
| chemical methods are.. |
| disinfectants, antiseptics |
| Regarding level of resistance, what is the most difficult thing to destroy |
| endospores |
| what is the;easiest;microorgamism to destroy? |
| bacteria |
| the control of microbial growth can prevent infections and food spoilage |
| prevention |
| process of destroying all microbial life on an object |
| sterilization (complete distructing) |
| heat treatment of canned foods to destroy botilinum endospores |
| commerical sterilization |
| the process of reducing or inhibiting microbial gorwth on a NONliving surface |
| disinfection |
| process of reducing or inhibiting microorganisms on LIVING tisses |
antisepsis ; example: hydrogen peroxide on tissue |
| means to swab the skin |
degerming ; ex. before surgery |
| means to subject to high temperatues washing |
| sanitize |
| suffix ___ means to kill |
--cide
ex. insectiCIDE - to kill insects |
| suffix ___ means to inhibit |
| ---stat |
| bacterial contamination... |
| sepsis |
| lack of bacterial contamination |
| asepsis |
| HEPA filters are used in.. |
fume hoods burn units operating rooms |
| disrupts microbial metabolism, buy extracting water |
| desiccation |
| lowest temperature at which all the bacteria in a liquid culture will be killed in 10 minutes |
| (TDP) theraml death point |
| the length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a given temperature |
| (TDT) thermal death time |
| length of time in which 90% of a bacterial population will be killed at a given temp |
| (DRT) decimal reduction time |
| high temps are used for a short time to destroy pathogens without altering the flavor of the food |
| pasteurization |
| The time to kill is proportion to the________. |
| to the number of microbes |
| At what rate to bacteria die? |
| death rate as a straight line (constant rate) |
| Why does organic matter interfere with our disinfecting and antiseptic techniques? |
vomit feces blood |
| How long do I need to boil something |
| 10 minutes but if you want to be safe, 30 minutes |
| when Autoclaving. How long? At what temperature? At what pressure |
15 minutes, at 121 degrees C at 15lbs per square inch |
| Who discovered Pasteurization |
| luis pasteur |
| What things do we pasteurize |
| milk, wine, beer |
| Is pasteurization sterilization? |
| NO!! |
| Why might ultra high heat sterilization be preferred over pasteurization? |
| because it is just a higher temperature but is done more quickly |
| When do we use filtration |
| when we are trying to filter things that are in the air |
| How are low temperatures beneficial? |
| it prevents them from growing, does not kill, decreases chemical activites of the microorganisms |
| Give examples of desiccation. |
| freeze-drying or dehydrating |
| Does desiccation affect viruses and endospores |
| Viruses and endospores CAN resist desiccation |
| Even after salt/sugar curing meat we may still get some growth of _______. |
molds and yeasts more than bacteria.
Plasmolisis |
| How does radiation kill? |
| normally destroys DNA or damages it |
| What is radiation efficiency dependent on? |
| wavelength, intensity and duration |
| What is the most lethal type of radiation |
| ultraviolet radiation |
| Unfortunately ultraviolet radiation does not _______. |
| penetrate glass, plastic, or water very well |
| Give examples of ionizing radiation |
gamma rays x-rays high energy electron beams |
| Why do we use gamma radiation? |
| it ecerts its effect primarily by ionizing water and forming highly reactive hydroxyl radicals |
| How well does ionizing radiation penetrate? |
| high degree of pentration |
| How do microwaves kill? |
| kill microbes indirectly as material get hot |
used in lysol last a long time good for bloody and body fluid clean up can be harmful to house animals |
| Phenol and Phenolics |
damages plasma membranes in vvegetative cells can also danage eyes when splashed used before surgical procedures |
| biguanides |
ex. iodine and chlorine do not mix with other cleaners kills germs by forminf an acid when added to water |
| halogens |
exert action by denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids
aqueous ethanol and isopropanol are used as wet disinfectants |
| alcohols |
often used for burn treatment
they denature proteins
ex. silver, mercury, copper |
| heavy metals and their compounds |
decrease the tention between molecules that lie on the surface of a liquid ex. soaps and detergents
|
| surface-active agents |
mouthwash and sore throat remedies
disrupt plasma membranes and allow cytoplasmic constituents to leak out of cell
cationic detergents attached to ammonium NH+4 |
| quaternary ammonium compounds |
ex. sorbic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid
inhibit fungal matabolism and are used as food preseratives
|
| chemical food preservatives |
extremely affective
AKA carcinogens
exert their effect by oxidizing molecules inside cells |
| aldehydes |
nisin and natamycin are used to preserve foods, especially cheese
this resistance is becoming a big problem |
| antibiotics |
| Phenol and Phenolics are another name for what.. |
| carbolic acid |
| Phenols and Phenolics exert influence by _____. |
injuring plasma membrane inactivating enzymes denaturing protein |
| How does iodine work? |
| iodine combines with amino acids to inactivate enzymes |
| When do we use heavy metals |
| often used for burn treatment and prevent neonatal gonorrheal opthalmia |
| What are QUATS most effective on |
| most affective againt gram-postitve bacteria |
| What are the super bugs |
they are the viruses that are antibiotice resistant
Staph aureus enterococcus mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Barbarossa put human corpses in his enemy’s water supply, successfully contaminating it |
| Battle of Tortona, Italy 1155 |
•Czech Republic – Bodies of plague-stricken soldiers plus 2000 cartloads of excrement are hurled into the ranks of enemy troops causing deadly fevers to quickly break out. |
| Battle of Carolstein 1422 |
•The Spanish supplied their French enemies with wine laced with leprosy patients’ blood. |
| 1485 Naples |
•Improved his chances of victory by presenting to the natives, as gifts, clothing laden with the smallpox virus. |
| Pizarro’s Conquest of South America 15th Century |
•French and Indian War (Indians greatly outnumbered the British and were suspected of being on the side of the French) • Commander of British Forces, directs that small-pox bearing blankets be given to Indians in the Ohio River Valley. •Smallpox decimated the Indians |
| Sir Jeffrey Amherst |
•The Austrian fortress at Mantua was of vital strategic importance to both sides during the 1796-1797 campaigns in Northern Italy. •attempted to force the surrender of Mantua by infecting the citizens with Swamp Fever. |
•Napoleon |
•W.T. Sherman’s memoirs contain accounts of invading forces often slaughtering animals and dumped the rotting carcasses on water wells as they passed through enemy territory. •They obtained the idea from the Romans, who used dead animals to foul the water supply of their enemies. |
| US civil war |
W.T. Sherman’s memoirs contain accounts of invading forces often slaughtering animals and dumped the rotting carcasses on water wells as they passed through enemy territory. •They obtained the idea from the Romans, who used dead animals to foul the water supply of their enemies. |
| W.T. Sherman’s |
| During the American Civil War, who would later become Kentucky’s governor, tried to infect Union troops by providing them with clothing exposed to smallpox and yellow fever |
| Dr. Luke Blackburn |
•Anthrax is used to infect food animals and Glanders to infect horses used by the Calvary. |
| Germany in WWI |
Attempted to spread •Cholera in Italy •Plague in St. Petersburg •Biological Bombs over Britain |
| germany in WWI |
•, grows cultures of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Pseudomonas mallei (glanders), supplied by the German government, in his Washington D.C. home. •The agents and an inoculation device are given to sympathetic dockworkers in Baltimore to infect 3000 head of horses, mules, and cattle destined for the Allied troops in Europe |
| German-American, Dr. Anton Dilger 1915 |
Silent Enemy” took greater toll of lives than bullets • Initiated preventive measures (creosote pills) • Initiated elaborate sanitation methods (water testing) • Initiated medical advances (field laboratories) • Initially lost 3-4 men to disease vs 1 to bullets • After new measures lost 1.2 disease vs 1.5 bullets
|
| Japan Studies the Impact of Disease During War Time |
“If we can stop the effects of disease from killing our own troops, why can’t we harness disease to kill our enemies.” |
| Ishii Shiro |
•When the prisoners managed to escape and tell the story to some local residents, the Japanese army decided to build a new facility. This much bigger and more secure death laboratory was constructed here, some 20 km South of Harbin. •The key purpose of this was the development of biological weapons. |
| ping fan |
, an assault team of seventeen officers from Unit 731 sailed for Saipan Island, in the Pacific Ocean, in an attempt to deny U.S. forces access to the airstrip by planting porcelain bombs containing millions of plague-infected fleas. The ship was torpedoed by a U.S. submarine before it reached its target. |
| japan 1944 |
