question

Hansen's disease, leprosy, is a bacterial disease that is now treatable with drugs. It affects the peripheral nervous system which is the __________ .

answer

Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves and Ganglia.

question

What makes up the CNS?

answer

brain and spinal cord

question

The part of the nervous system that innervates the skeletal muscles is called the ________ and the part of the nervous system that innervates the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands is the ________.

answer

somatic motor and autonomic motor

question

Somatic Sensory Nervous system innervates ____________?

answer

touch, pain paste vision

question

What structure is not part of the neuron?

answer

centrioles

question

What are Nissl Bodies?

answer

also called chromophilic substance have free and bound ribosomes

question

What are lipofuscin Inclusions?

answer

Lysosomal Wastes

question

The minimum number of axons in a neuron is ________ and the maximum number is ________ .

answer

0,1

question

Can a neuron have 2 axons?

answer

no

question

What is it called when a neuron has zero axons?

answer

anaxonic

question

The specific site where an action potential originates?

answer

axon hillock

question

The elongated portion of a neuron that transmits the nerve impulse to other neurons?

answer

Axon

question

Neurotransmitters are stored in the small sacs located here.

answer

Synaptic end bulbs

question

Which one of the following statements about neurons is FALSE? A. Neurons have a high metabolic rate and have extremely long lifetimes usually. B. Most neurons are motor neurons. C. Most sensory neurons are unipolar and motor neurons are multipolar. D. Neurons can transmit messages (carry action potentials). E. Neurons may receive input from thousands of other neurons

answer

Most neurons are motor neurons. Most are actually inter neurons

question

Which one of the following statements is FALSE? A. Myelinated fibers compose the white matter of the nervous system. B. Myelination increases the speed of the nerve impulse. C. The amount of myelination of our neurons increases during childhood. D. The type of conduction in a myelinated axon is called saltatory conduction. E. Myelination may be found on axons and dendrites but not on the cell body of neurons.

answer

Myelination may be found on axons and dendrites but not on the cell body of neurons. Actually only axons are myelinated

question

These star-shaped cells help maintain the proper ionic balance in the neurons and the blood-brain barrier in the brain. They may interfere with repair in the central nervous system.

answer

Astrocyte

question

These cells myelinate neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

answer

Oligodendrocytes

question

These cells myelinate neurons in the cranial and spinal nerves.

answer

Neurolemmocytes (Schwann)

question

These cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They help form cerebrospinal fluid that they help circulate by using their cilia

answer

Ependymal Cells

question

Microglia

answer

defend against pathogens, smallest

question

Which one of the following statements about neuroglia is TRUE? A. Neuroglia are found only in the PNS. B. Neuroglia are generally larger than neurons. C. Neuroglia are much more numerous that neurons. D. Neuroglia arenonmitotic and a rare source of tumors in the nervous system. E. Neuroglia can transmit action potentials (nerve impulses.)

answer

Neuroglia are much more numerous that neurons.

question

Which statement is FALSE? A. Most synapses are chemical synapses and unidirectional. B. Most chemical synapses are axodendritic. C. Synapses are always excitatory. D. Local depolarizations, called graded potentials, occur on the dendrites and cell body. E. Electrical synapses use gap junctions between neurons and are faster than chemical synapses.

answer

Synapses are always excitatory. They are actually excitory and inhibitory

question

Bundles of nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS are called ________ and bundles of nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are called ________ .

answer

Tracts,Nerves

question

The covering around a nerve is called the _______ .

answer

Epineurium

question

The covering around a nerve cell is called the _______ .

answer

Endoneurium

question

The covering around a nerve fascicle is called the _______ .

answer

Perineurium

question

This results in a progressive loss of nerve function due to the destruction of the myelin in the CNS. Possibly a virus precipitates an autoimmune response.

answer

Multiple Sclerosis (progressive myelination)

question

What is polio?

answer

destruction of cell bodies of motor neurons in anterior horn

question

What is Parkinson's Disease?

answer

Dopamine Deficiency

question

In the pyramidal (direct motor) pathways, many presynaptic upper motor neurons synapse with one postsynaptic lower motor neuron. This is a __________ neuronal circuit.

answer

Converging

question

What's a diverging circuit?

answer

one presynaptic neurons to many postsynaptic neurons

question

What's a reverberating circuit?

answer

repeated

question

What's a parallel after discharge circuit?

answer

single presynaptic neuron stimulates different groups

question

Where is the CSF found?

answer

Subarachnoid Space

question

What's in the epidural space?

answer

between dura and periosteum covering walls of vertebra

question

What's in subdural space?

answer

Where blood can accumulate, creating a subdural hematoma

question

Which of the cranial dural septa separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

answer

falx cerebri

question

Which of the cranial dural septa forms a roof over the stella turcica?

answer

diaphragma sellae

question

Which of the cranial dural septa separates the occipital and temporal lobes from cerebellum?

answer

tentorium cerebelli

question

Which of the cranial dural septa separates the two cerebellar hemispheres?

answer

falx cerebelli

question

This "higher order processing area" is the most complicated cortical region of all. It performs many cognitive functions: intelligence, complex learning abilities, personality, abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, planning, etc

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

What are the basal (cerebral) nuclei responsible for?

answer

produce pattern of walking, mood, muscle tone, unconscious visual info

question

What is Broca's area responsible for?

answer

muscle movement for speech

question

What is the insula responsible for?

answer

taste

question

This lobe of the brain is hard to study because of its location, but it seems to be involved in taste.

answer

Insula

question

The primary motor, premotor, and frontal eye field areas are located in this lobe.

answer

Frontal Lobe

question

The primary auditory and smell areas are located in this lobe.

answer

Temporal Lobe

question

Phineas Gage had his personality change dramatically when a metal bar went through this part of his brain.

answer

Frontal Lobe

question

The primary visual and visual association areas are located in this lobe.

answer

Occipital Lobe

question

This area of the brain is involved in recognizing, understanding, and comprehending spoken or written language

answer

Wernicke's Area

question

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

answer

sensory

question

Where is the gustatory area?

answer

Insula

question

Where is the motor homunculus?

answer

Primary motor cortex

question

The amount of sensory cortex involved for a region depends upon the ____________ .

answer

number of receptors for the region

question

This part receives information from the higher brain centers about what the muscles should be doing and compares it with information from the peripheral nervous system about what muscles are doing. It then makes adjustments accordingly for balance and coordination.

answer

cerebellum

question

The "worm shaped", constricted area of the cerebellum separating the two hemispheres is called the ________ .

answer

vermis

question

Contains a dozen or so nuclei in four major regions: the supraoptic, tuberal, mammillary, and preoptic.

answer

hypothalamus

question

Contains nuclei involved in visceral activities such as the cardiac center, the vasomotor center, and the respiratory center and, therefore, damage to this area can be deadly

answer

medulla oblongata

question

Most of the largest motor tracts decussate in the pyramids located in this part of the brain and nearly all sensory impulses initiated on one side of the body cross in the spinal cord or here

answer

medulla oblongata

question

This is the "gateway to the brain." It is the principal relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and various parts of the brain.

answer

thalamus

question

The middle cerebellar peduncles connecting the cerebellar hemispheres and the nuclei for cranial nerves V

answer

part of VIII are located here.-Pons

question

The superior and inferior colliculi, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and cerebral peduncles are located here.

answer

Midbrain

question

Scattered gray matter found mainly in the brainstem that help regulate muscle tone and alert the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory input. It is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep.

answer

Reticular Formation (key word - brainstem)

question

It plays a key role in homeostasis by regulating visceral activities and providing a link between the nervous and endocrine systems, the center for many drives and emotions, and the site of the pleasure center that is involved in drug addiction.

answer

hypothalamus

question

This primitive part of the brain is called the "emotional brain." The olfactory bulbs, fornix, amygdala, and hippocampus are some of these structures that encircle the diencephalon.

answer

Limbic System.

question

These gray areas are important in initiating and monitoring movements such as arm swinging. Some of them are also involved with the regulation of muscle tone that is needed for specific body movements. The corpus striatum is the major part. A lack of dopamine in this area results in Parkinson's disease.

answer

Basal Nuclei

question

Which one of the following cranial nerves is NOT primarily sensory? A. optic B. olfactory C. trigeminal D. vestibulocochlear

answer

trigeminal (both)

question

This cranial nerve controls the motor function and is proprioceptive to four of the extrinsic eye muscles.

answer

Oculomotor

question

Name for cranial nerve VI

answer

Abducens

question

This cranial nerve does NOT pass through the superior orbital fissure.

answer

Optic

question

Damage to this nerve may prevent you from chewing.

answer

Trigeminal

question

Which cranial nerve extends far beyond the head and neck region?

answer

Vagus

question

Which one of the following is NOT parasympathetic? A. oculomotor B. trigeminal C. vagus D. glossopharyngeal E. facial

answer

Trigeminal

question

Side to side movements of the spinal cord are lessened by the triangular shaped, membranous extensions of the pia mater called the _________.

answer

denticulate ligaments

question

What are filum terminale?

answer

vertically anchors spinal cord to coccyx

question

What is the conus medullaris?

answer

tapering of spinal cord

question

Generally speaking, the amount of white matter in the cord _______ the farther and farther you go away from the brain.

answer

increases

question

Dermatomes are the skin segments supplied by cranial nerve V or the ______________ .

answer

dorsal roots of the spinal nerve

question

To avoid spinal cord damage in an adult, a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) is usually performed at:

answer

L3-L4 or L4-L5

question

This area is often injured which affects the movements and cutaneous sensations of the upper limbs.

answer

Brachial Plexus

question

Damage to this area may literally lead to a pain in the buttocks (or lower).

answer

Sacral Plexus

question

The phrenic nerve is part of this plexus

answer

Cranial Plexus

question

Which nerve innervates the flexor muscles of the elbow?

answer

Musculocutaneous (flexes humerus and elbow, supinates forearm

question

Which nerve innervates the deltoid?

answer

Axillary

question

What nerve innervates the extensor muscles of the forearm?

answer

radial

question

What nerve pronates, flexes wrist and digits?

answer

Median

question

What nerve flexes wrist and digits?

answer

Ulnar

question

During childbirth, Mary damaged her obturator nerve. Now she no longer can ________ .

answer

Adduct her thigh

question

What muscles are responsible for the foreswing of walking?

answer

Anterior thigh

question

What muscles are responsible for the backswing of walking?

answer

Posterior thigh

question

These serve the deep muscles and skin of the posterior body trunk.

answer

Dorsal (posterior) rami

question

These form plexuses except in the thoracic region.

answer

ventral (anterior) rami

question

All of these may be mixed except for the _______: cranial nerves spinal nerves spinal roots spinal rami

answer

spinal roots

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding reflexes? A.The correct order in a reflex arc is: receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, effector. B.The minimum number of neurons is a reflex arc is two. C.Reflexes are fast, predicable, automatic and are generally used for protection D.Reflexes do not involve skeletal muscles because they are voluntary. E.The fewer the synapses, the faster the reflex.

answer

Refelxes do not involve skeletal muscles because they are voluntary is false. Skeletal muscles are involuntary

question

Damage to the root ganglion would produce:

answer

sensory loss only

question

Destruction to the ventral gray horn caused by polio would produce:

answer

motor loss only

question

Damage to the nerve root causes loss

answer

on the same side in the area served by the spinal nerve only

question

A hemisection on the right side of the spinal cord damaging the lateral spinothalamic tracts would result in:

answer

loss on the left side

question

A hemisection on the right side of the spinal cord damaging the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway would result in:

answer

loss on the right side

question

A hemisection on the right side of the spinal cord damaging the upper motor neurons would result in the most motor loss here:

answer

loss on the right side

question

A total transection of the spinal cord just above the brachial plexus would result in:

answer

quadriplegia

question

A stroke in the right pre-censide of the bodytral gyrus of the brain would cause:

answer

loss on the left

question

What damage would cause flaccid paralysis?

answer

damage to the ventral gray horn

question

A drunk driver crashes his/her car and sustains a total transection of the spinal cord in the C1-C2 area. It takes the paramedics 20 minutes to get to the scene. What is the likely result?

answer

Death, C3, C4, C5 keep the diaphragm alive

question

Which pathway carries sensory information about discriminative (fine) touch, precise pressure, conscious proprioception, and vibratory sensations to the cerebral cortex?

answer

posterior funiculus

question

In sensory pathways, which neurons cross over to the other side of the body?

answer

Second-Order

question

Damage to one side of the cerebellum may result in loss of muscle coordination or normal walking movements on ________?

answer

same side of body

question

These tracts control volumtary movements of the muscles of skeletal muscles to the head and neck:

answer

corticobulbar

question

Which tract is involved with voluntary movements of the muscles of the limbs?

answer

lateral corticospinal

question

The lower motor neurons in the corticobulbar tracts originate in the:

answer

brainstem

question

The 5 major indirect pathways arise from the nuclei in the:

answer

brainstem

question

What structures are part of the pathway for voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles?

answer

pre-central gyrus, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, pyramins -NOT medial lemniscus

question

Which of the following statements is false regarding cerebral lateralization? A.Cerebral dominance refers to language dominance. B.The left side of the brain is the categorical hemisphere and functions in categorization and symbolization. C.We use both hemispheres for most activities, share memories, and they look almost identical. D.Both cerebral hemispheres remain in constant communication through association tracts. E.People with shared dominance may have increased dexterity and strength in the non-dominant and ambidexterity or cerebral confusion and learning disabilities, e.g., dyslexia.

answer

Both cerebral hemispheres remain in constant communication through association tracts hey communicate using commisures.

question

It has terminal ganglia and intramural ganglia:

answer

Parasympathetic

question

Its preganglionic fiber is myelinated and its ganglionic fiber is unmyelinated.

answer

both divisions of the ANS

question

Beta blockers prevent the activation of beta receptors by epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by this part of the ANS and thereby lower blood pressure in people with high blood pressure.

answer

sympathetic division of the ANS

question

Its pre-ganglionic neurons release ACH:

answer

both divisions of the ANS

question

Its cell bodies originate in the lateral gray horns in the thoracolumbar area of the spinal cord

answer

sympathetic division of the ANS

question

Its activities can be described as "housekeeping," "resting and digesting," feeding and breeding" or by the acronym "SLUDD."

answer

parasympathetic activities of the ANS

question

Which statement is FALSE: A.Tonic receptors are involved in maintaining our balance to keep our head upright. B.If the receptive field is small, precise localization and sensitivity are easily determined. C.Adaptation is an increase in sensitivity to continual stimuli. D.Generally, if pain is referred, then the area to which the pain is referred and the visceral organ involved are served by the same segment of the spinal cord. E.Phantom pain is pain that seems to come from a missing limb.

answer

Adaptation is an increase in sensitivity to continual stimuli is FALSE; it's a decrease

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A.Some autonomic reflexes do not involve the brain or spinal cord. B.Visceral pain is often referred. C.The "boss" of the autonomic nervous system is the hypothalamus. D.Most of the viscera have dual innervation from the autonomic nervous system. E.The sympathetic division controls erections and the parasympathetic division controls ejaculations.

answer

The sympathetic division controls erections and the parasympathetic division controls ejaculations is FALSE. It's the parasympathetic

question

Which of the following pairs IS NOT matched correctly?? A.mechanoreceptors/pressure, touch, and hearing B.nociceptors/equilibrium C.photoreceptors/light D.thermoreceptors/warmth and cold E.chemoreceptors/taste and smell

answer

nociceptors/equilibrium is FALSE, should be pain

question

Which sensory pathway does not go directly through the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex?

answer

smell

question

Which types of papillae in the human tongue have the most taste buds?

answer

Vallate

question

Which of the following pairs IS NOT matched correctly or are they all matched correctly? A.Fibrous tunic(coat)/sclera and cornea B.Vascular tunic (coat)/ choroid, ciliary body, and iris C.Nervous (sensory) tunic (coat)/retina D.All are matched correctly.

answer

All are matched correctly

question

What is the function of the rods?

answer

vision in dim light

question

The fovea centralis contains:

answer

the highest concentration of cones

question

As light enters the eye, it is bent (refracted) in order by the:

answer

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

question

Which of the following does NOT happen when you view objects up close? A.the lens bulges B.the radial (dilator) muscles contract C.the ciliary muscles contract D.the medial rectus muscles contract E.the parasympathetic division of the ANS responds

answer

the radial (dilator) muscles contract is FALSE, it should be the sphinctor

question

of the following is NOT correctly matched? A.cataracts: cloudiness of lens B.glaucoma: abnormally high intraocular pressure due to a buildup of aqueous humor from a blockage of the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) C.presbyopia: loss of the ability to accommodate for near vision D.myopia: nearsightedness due to an abnormally short eyeball E.astigmatism: blurred vision due to an unequal curvature of the cornea or lens

answer

myopia: nearsightedness due to an abnormally short eyeball is FALSE, should be long eyeball

question

A patient develops a tumor in his pituitary gland that compresses the middle fibers of the optic chiasm. What parts of his eyes would be impaired?

answer

medial parts of both eyes, lose peripheral vision

question

The __________ is (are) used for hearing, the __________ is (are) used for static equilibrium and linear acceleration, and the _______ is (are) used for dynamic equilibrium.

answer

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

question

Which is NOT matched correctly? A.external ear: pinna (auricle), external auditory canal B.middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes C.cochlea: organ of Corti (spiral organ) D.vestibule: maculae with otoliths E.semicircular canals: utricle and saccule

answer

semicircular canals: utricle and saccule is FALSE should say vestibule instead of the canals

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