Test 1 – History and Systems of Psych
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Freud's idea "Einfall" was translated into English into what term which means something other than what Freud implied in the original German?
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free association
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The first African American presend of the APA was what?
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Kenneth Clark
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The viewpoint that whatever discovery was about to happen, Freud would discover it would be an argument in favor of which theory?
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personalistic
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In the 1970's, the publication of the research of John Garcia was significantly delayed because why?
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his findings challenged the prevailing view in stimulus-response (S-R) theory
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In Kuhn's philosophy of science, when Einstein's theory of relativity replaced Galiean-Newtonian physics, a(n) what occurred?
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scientific revolution
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The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is what?
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mechanism
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The Zeitgeist of the 17th to 19th century Europe was marked by what?
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mechanism (b)
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The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by who?
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Newton and Galileo
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What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"?
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clock
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The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is what?
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reductionism
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Seventeenth century philosophers and scientists argued that like clocks and the universe, ____ are regular, predictable, observable and measurable.
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human beings
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The first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence was what?
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Babbage's calculating machine
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The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience is what?
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empiricism
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Empiricism attributes all knowledge to what?
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experience
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Who can be said to have inaugurated the era of modern psychology?
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Descartes
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Before Descartes, the accepted point of view was that the interaction between mind and body was essentially unidirectional, that
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the mind influenced the body
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Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of who?
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Comte
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The belief that all things can be described in physical terms.
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materialism
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A fundamental difference between Descartes's psychology and that of Locke was their position about the existence of what?
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innate ideas
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According to Locke, simple ideas become complex ideas through the process of what?
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reflection
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Berkeley's basic difference with Locke was Berkeley's argument that what?
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there are no primary qualities
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Hume's response to Locke's and Berkeley's arguments about objective versus subjective reality was that what?
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we have no real way of knowing
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Association in time or space defines what?
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Hume's law of contiguity
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Hartley argued that the human brain and nervous system transmitted impulses with what?
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nerve vibrations
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This person, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations.
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James Mill
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David Kinnebrook was fired because why?
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his observations differed from the observations of his boss
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Bessel began the study of individual differences in perception by noting what?
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that astronomers differed in their time estimates in measuring the transit of a star
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Until the work of ____, experimentation was not the preferred method in physiology.
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J. Muller
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____ was a pioneer in research on reflex behavior showing that reflexes could occur in the absence of brain involvement.
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Hall
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____'s phrenology proposed that the topography of a person's skull revealed his of her intellectual and emotional characteristics.
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Gall
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The representation of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th-century reliance on what?
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mechanism (C)
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The method of logic that characterizes psychology and that was favored in Germany of the 19th century was what?
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inductive
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In the 19th century, the British and French defined science as including what?
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physics anc chemistry only
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One of Helmholtz's particular contributions to psychology was his work on what?
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vision
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Who developed both the two-point threshold and the concept of the just noticeable difference?
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Weber
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According to Fechner, the effects of stimulus intensities are not ____ but are ____ to the amount of sensation that already exists.
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absolute; relative
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The scientific study of the relations between mental and physical processes is a definition of what?
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psychophysics
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In Fechner's Law as one variable increases arithmetically, the other variable increases what?
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geometrically
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In modern medicine, the cause of a person's dementia typically cannot be determined until autopsy. Thus, ____ research method continues to be of significance in medicine and psychology.
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Broca's
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Although he did not develop the theory called phrenology, ____ served as its popularizer.
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Spurzheim
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The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of who?
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both Wundt and Titchener
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Wundt's focus was on ____, whereas Titchener's was on ____.
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synthesis of elements; analysis of elements
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Titchener spent most of his career where?
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Cornell University
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One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener did what?
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translated Wundt's books from German to English
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One of Titchener's most profound influences on the development of experimentation in psychology was what publication?
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Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice (1901-1905)
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Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women were what?
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too pure to smoke
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What percentage of Titchener's doctorates was given to women?
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more than 1/3
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Titchener's definition of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is what?
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conscious experience
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Titchener opposed the development of areas such as child psychology and animal psychology because why?
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these areas did not focus on discovering the structures of mind
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The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of what?
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consciousness
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The sum of our experiences accumulated over a lifetime is Titchener's definition of what?
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mind
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Titchener's introspection method was most like ____ method.
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Kulpe's
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While Wundt emphasized ____ and ____ reports during introspection, Titchener used ____ and ____ introspective reports.
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objective; quantitative; subjective; qualitative
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By 1896, Titchener had identified approximately how many elements of sensation?
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more than 44,000
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When Titchener died, the era of structuralism did what?
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died with him
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Because some time elapsed between the experience and the reporting of it, critics charged that introspection was really a form of _________.
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retrospection
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